The Life of Katherine of Aragon - 1465 Words

Katherine of Aragon is famous for being the first of Henry VIII’s many wives, the one who fought back and defended her papally sanctioned marriage; the mother of Mary I; and the daughter of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, founders of the kingdom of Espaà ±a. These facts place her in the position of a traditional sixteenth century woman by defining her as wife, mother, and daughter. In these roles, many women have been overlooked as the subject of their own study, and it certainly makes sense to do this, as on the surface they are not in control of their own agency. Looking deeper, however, one can see that this role places women instead in a position of power. From behind the scenes, women like Katherine were able to pull the†¦show more content†¦Once the last Plantagenet was out of the way, Isabella and Ferdinand sent Katherine off to England with a valuable trousseau and a fleet of wealthy Spanish nobles. The trip was long and hard, but when they arriv ed in Plymouth they were greeted with joy and excitement. There were celebrations and dinners before they continued on their way to London. On the night of November 4, at the Bishop’s Palace in Dogmersfield, Henry VII, his son Arthur, and members of the Privy Council arrived unannounced to see the Infanta. After being told that she was already in bed Henry insisted on seeing her anyway and proceeded to her room where they met for the first time. On November 9, Katherine arrived in London, and she and Arthur were married on the 14th. After their marriage, they were taken to their public wedding bed, where they were to consummate their marriage. According to Katherine’s testimony in later years, nothing of the sort actually happened. When the couple emerged from the bed the next morning, the English report seeing a healthy boy of sanguine complexion. Yet both Katherine and her Duenna continued to insist that she was still a virgin. Whatever their status, the newlyweds so on went off to a castle in the country, where they stayed until Arthur died in April of 1502, less than six months after they had been married. Widowhood and Father Figures Following the death of Prince ArthurShow MoreRelatedMary Tudor s First And Only Child Between Her Mother And Father1140 Words   |  5 PagesMarissa Coffman-Spence San Saba High School English 1302 2 March 2015 Mary Tudor Mary Tudor was born February 18, 1516 to Katherine of Aragon and King Henry Tudor VIII. She was the first and only child between her mother and father. In her early life, the people of England and the royal court adored Mary greatly. â€Å"She was by nature modest, affectionate, and kindly. Like all Tudor princesses she had been well educated, speaking Latin, French, and Spanish with facility, and she was in particularRead MoreThe Exciting Life of King Henry VIII1297 Words   |  5 Pagesthe churches and monasteries then destroyed. (â€Å"The Life of King Henry VIII (1491-1547)†. Biography of Henry Tudor, King of England.) King Henry VIII stayed catholic while everyone else was beginning to become Protestantism. King Henry VIII was married to Catherine of Aragon for twenty-three years. Their marriage dissolved in 1533. Catherine of Aragon was born on December 6th, 1485 in spain then later died on January 7th of 1536. Catherine of Aragon was the youngest surviving child of Ferdinand andRead MoreEssay about Henry VIII1567 Words   |  7 Pageshandsome and full of life. He loved music, so much that when he was only ten years old he could play many instruments including the Fife, Harp, Viola, and drums. He was also very smart. He could speak French, Latin, and a bit of Spanish. He loved Hunting. His favorite sports were hunting ,of course, and wrestling. Henry had and an older brother named Arthur. He was he was the family heir to the throne. Therefore, his father arranged a marriage for him. He was to marry Catherine of Aragon when he turnedRead MoreIs Queen Mary The First?1042 Words   |  5 Pagespaper, I’m going to talk about her family, what she did during her rule, the way she controlled the economics of Europe, and the standard of life during Mary’s life time. Let me tell you more. There are many reasons Mary’s family was important to the way she was. Mary was the only child that lived although she was unhealthy, so her mother, Katherine of Aragon, loved her a lot. Mary’s father, King Henry the Eighth, loved her as a child because he could send her to Noblemen, to other kingdoms, etc.Read MoreAnalysis Of Philippa Gregory s Three Sisters Three Queens 743 Words   |  3 Pageswritten by Philippa Gregory, takes place in 16th century Europe, an era characterized by powerful monarchs whose personal and political life are incredibly complex and intertwined. In particular, this story focuses on three women who will become the queens of Scotland, France, and England, respectively: Margaret, her sister, Mary, and their sister-in-law, Katherine of Aragon. The story is told from Margaret’s point of view, who provides a unique yet often disregarded female perspective of this era intendedRead More Katherine of Aragon - Tragic Heroine of Henry VIII Ess ay1982 Words   |  8 PagesKatherine of Aragon - Tragic Heroine of Henry VIII   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among the bevy of female characters to grace the Shakespearean stage, Katherine of Aragon in Henry VIII is perhaps the most enigmatic. Despite the range of possibilities in other female roles-such as Cordelia and Desdemona, in whom one certainly finds desirable traits-Katherine stands out as a tragic heroine: a secure, strong-willed woman who is articulate, passionate, charismatic, and altruistic. The unique qualities of Katherine areRead MoreKing Henry VIII and his Great Impact on the History of England2165 Words   |  9 PagesKing Henry VIII was one of the most powerful rulers in the fifteenth century, who had a very captivating life many people are not aware of. Most people know Henry VIII as a berserk king with too many wives, but there is more to Henry VIII than that. Many few people know about his life and what he truly contributed to our world. Henry VIII was an almighty leader in England who won’t soon be forgotten. Henry VIII was born in Greenwich, England on June 28, 1491. At the age of just two yearsRead MoreThe Black Death2711 Words   |  11 Pagesfields. Landlords had to offer better incentives then the next in order to keep their help. Peasants began to be more vocal which caused mass uprisings throughout Europe during the 14th century. The rise in morality caused many people to appreciate life and the human condition more. The Black Death impacted the medieval world in many powerful yet harmful ways but helped bring the renaissance to Europe. Desiderius Erasmus sometimes called â€Å"Prince of the Humanists† was a dominant fixture in the earlyRead MoreQueen Mary Of A Bloody Mary Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pagesblame for her actions as Queen, her childhood was great, her reign was short, and death will always be remembered in the history of the Tudor dynasty. Childhood Mary Tudor was born on February 18, 1516. Her parents were Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. She was the oldest of two half siblings. Everything was going well for the family until; Mary s father realized that he had to divorce Catherine. The reason for the divorce Mary s father knew that In Marrying her he had sinned twice over: onceRead MoreKings and Queens: The Tudors Essay1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmarriage, Owen and the queen ended up having a son named Edward and it was said that he was to be the next in line for the throne, but he passed away before he could assume the throne, So the next one in line was Henry VII (â€Å"Project Britain; British Life and Culture†) King Henry VII was next in line to take over the throne, but could not, because of Richard the 3rd was king at that time. In August 22, 1485, Henry changed all of that, during the battle of Bosworthfield Henry killed Richard and became

Sleep Deprivation And Relationship Separation Essay

Sleep deprivation and relationship separation, a growing concern in Phenix City Police Department. It relates to shift work and the increased time spent at work after an officer’s shift is complete. Four common causes lead to sleep deprivation and family separation within the Phenix City Police Department. Departmental leadership can utilize planning, preparation of good rest/work strategies, to improve officer’s productivity while on the job. Research suggest that lack of sleep causes negative effects to officers. Sleep deprivation causes stress, which affects the overall health of officers and marital relationships. The demanding work for officers range from long periods staying awake, to life threatening activities. Officers who work the night shift may have to work additional hours to attend court or type reports, which leaves little time for sleep and family activities. Many attempts, made to resolve the issues, but sleep deprivation continues to burden the agencie s, officers and family. Unfortunately, there has not been a defined solution. Introduction Police Officers work is never routine. The diverse work load for officers range for long periods of tediousness too adrenaline-driven, life threatening activities. Decisions stand within each context of work effectiveness. While using discretion, officers entrusted to manage criminal episodes while simultaneously protecting basic citizen liberties. Outlooks for police officers to be all things to all people areShow MoreRelatedPolice Enforcement Work And Its Effects On The Members Of Its Department Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesassessed by police administrators, public, attorneys, and the media (Senjo, 2011). Amongst the high expectations, officers work for up to 12 hours a shift, which pinpoints sleep deprivation and fatigue as the cause of ineffective job performance for officers. Problem Statement Law enforcement work, a growing concern exists over sleep problems related to shift work and the increased liability law enforcement agencies face. Wellness Units evaluated the impact of shift work on the sworn members of itsRead MoreThe Development of Attachment Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesmonths. The infant begins to develop specific attachments, particularly with the mother. Separation anxiety occurs when the attachment figures leave and infants also begin to display a fear of strangers.  · Multiple attachment phase - From 9 months onwards. Strong ties develop with major caregivers eg. Father, siblings and non-caregivers eg. Children.  · Relationship develops as two way – From 2 to 3 years. Before this time the adult is purely a means of gettingRead MoreIs Social Networking Bad For Teenagers?1421 Words   |  6 Pagesthem to break down, it also affecting their everyday lives in which it is causing sleep deprivation, anxiety, obesity, and more. Teenagers do not realize how much they harming themselves physically, emotionally, and mentally. â€Å"Teenagers suffer from Facebook depression, sexting, and cyberbullying, which are threats.† â€Å"Other problems from social networking so much is obesity, Internet addiction, and sleep deprivation are issued for teenagers.† (Ramasubbu, 2015). I feel as if teenagers shouldn’t beRead MoreAttachment Theories: Are Early Attachments Really Necessary?2421 Words   |  10 PagesAttachment theory concerns the psychological, evolutionary and ethological ideas that help us understand relationships between people. Theorists believe that a child has a need to form attachments with an adult care giver to ensure adequate growth and social and emotional development. This ‘bond’ has to be maintained by the care giver and mostly uninterrupted to ensure a child grows into a happy and confident, adapted adult. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory has heavily influenced research into attachmentRead MoreEssay on Psychological Theories of Attachment1156 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiment, however Shaffer and Emerson (1964) showed interesting similarities to Harlow. They saw that children can be attached to family members who seldom, if ever, feed them and that children who experience frequent separations from their caregivers, and also sleep alone at night, can develop a strong emotional tie with a soft toy or blanket. Shaffer and Emerson’s explanation of why children attach is known as the Sensitive Responsive theory, which states â€Å"Babies form attachmentsRead MoreMillions are Affected by Insomnia1500 Words   |  6 Pages Insomnia is one of the sleep-wake disorders and affects millions on a daily basis. Individuals affected by insomnia can have trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, and/or having non-restorative sleep. According to the American Psychiatric Association, insomnia symptoms are reported by one-third of all adults and 10-15% of those adults experience daytime impairments related to insomnia while 6-10% of them actually meet the criteria for insomnia disorder (2013, p. 364-365). The occurrence of insomniaRead MoreThe Responsibility that Comes with Modern Information and Communication Technolgy1321 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment engineer of Motorola, invented the first handheld cell phone. This technological breakthrough made life super easy for businesspersons, government agencies, and parents to communicate and do business. College students, especially those in relationships, could now communicate with each other directly without disturbing another’s important call. Most scientific and technological breakthroughs had its good and bad side; however, the invention of smart phones by the International Business MachinesRead MorePsyc 110 Final Exam1894 Words   |  8 Pagesfinds that the number of hours she sleeps each night is related to the scores she receives on quizzes the next day. As her sleep approaches eight hours, her quiz scores improve; as her sleep drops to five hours, her quiz scores show a similar decline. Julie realizes that _____. (Points : 5) there is a negative correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades there is a positive correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades her lowRead MoreBeing A Youth Mentor, Future Social Worker, And Concerned Citizen1823 Words   |  8 Pagesmechanisms by which young rhesus monkeys bonded with their mothers, and found that close bodily contact was more important to the young monkeys than all other needs (Harlow, 1959). Correspondingly, Bowlby found a relationship between attachment theory and behavior; he correlated maternal deprivation to juvenile delinquency, emotional difficulties, and antisocial behavior (Bowlby, 1969). Harlow separated infant rhesus monkeys from their mothers six to twelve hours after birth. Each young monkey was putRead MoreRape And Sexual Assault, And Severe Injury Essay958 Words   |  4 Pageswhen the predator knows his, or her, victim. Some examples of acquaintance are including a family member, employees, classmates, or bosses. Also, acquaintance rape commonly occurs when the victim and attacker are invested in a committed sexual relationship. Attackers find victims when they go on dates. Many cases involving acquaintance rape are immensely difficult to trial in a court of law, because many victims are married or are dating their attacker. These cases are hard to prove as rape, because

Ethical And Philanthropic Responsibility - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Ethical And Philanthropic Responsibility. Answer: Introduction Ethics constitute an important part of humans life. A set of principles, ethics govern the way people behave with others. Philanthropy, on the other hand is the desire to invest in others happiness and well-being. Globalization has taken the economic world by storm and it has influenced almost every sector of business. The most important aspect of globalization however, is competition. This shall be discussed broadly in the later sections. Comparing and contrasting ethical and philanthropic responsibility Ethical responsibility refers to the morally correct path that people choose to walk on throughout their lives. In the business sector especially, ethical responsibility holds a vital importance. This ethical responsibility in business in popularly termed as business ethics or BE. It emerged after the 1980s and it has since been considered the most important aspect of modern organizations. Business ethics can be defined as the principles or values adhered to by companies. It is concerned with the businesss correctness or equality, actions and behaviors displayed by manager and employee, and the policies undertaken in a commercial framework. Business owners are ethically responsible to the people who rely on them to do the correct thing, be it small or big business. However, several factors test businesses to maintain the ethical standards. In times of financial stress, companies and its employees face the difficulty whether to put ethics at stake for the sake of profit or whether abide strongly by the ethics. When a company decides to cut on staff capacity and fires an employee without prior notice is an example of this. A company has the responsibility to be honest with not only its customers but also its employees. The employees have all the right to be informed about any decision taken by the company. When an employee is sacked without prior notice, it breaks the very foundation of ethical responsibility. Philanthropic responsibility on the other hand, although comes under the umbrella of ethical responsibility, is a separate entity. It is amongst the corporate social responsibilities (CSR) that companies maintain. Unlike ethical, philanthropic responsibility is not compelling to organizations. Businesses do not have to be answerable to anyone for not fulfilling this responsibility. However, businesses do have the opportunity to contribute to the society and environment as a whole by fulfilling its philanthropic responsibilities. These could include, expending money in organizing blood donation camps for the unfortunate, encouraging use of recyclable materials by organizing events and seminars and so on. One good example of philanthropic responsibility could be the involvement of a company in a charitable function that provides shelters to the homeless. The company arranges for the entire event and invites the local community to engage in this noble activity. In this way, the company gives an opportunity to the local people to be a part of it. Strategic philanthropy could also be applied here if the company decides to impose its logo or brand name in the keys or roofs of the buildings given to the needy. Competition as an important aspect of globalization Globalization has probably been the biggest revolutionary incident of the bygone century that affected not only the then world; it continues to influence the present as well. It has on one hand, benefitted nations and corporations and on the other; it has proved to be a nightmare for some. Many aspects of globalization came to the fore, among which competition is possibly the most important. The era prior to globalization witnessed limited access to trade, partial cooperation between states, and hence, a lack of competition. However, the post-globalization era has multiplied competition by double to triple fold. It is but true that the increase in competition did have both advantage and disadvantages. The pros: Owing to globalization, competition between countries to expand trade has resulted in rapid decrease of prices commodities. As a result, people belonging to developing countries have benefitted from this. Due to competition, customers around the globe have the chance to grab high quality products and services. Companies are aware that they could be ousted from the market by their rivals if they do not produce high quality products and services. Competition has proved beneficial for millions of unemployed youth worldwide. Globalization managed to open the gates of opportunity to millions of youth who have been looking for an ideal job. Increase in competition presented the unemployed class with the chance to select the ideal company and companies endeavored to move ahead in the ladder by hiring competent personnel. Philanthropic responsibilities could be credited to this growing competition between companies of the global economy. The cons: Although globalization brought many opportunities with it, it also created a bridge between small companies and big brands. The cutthroat competition shunned the doors for small businesses not only in the global but local market as well. Firms like Google; Apple and so on started penetrating into the markets of different nations and gradually spread their dominance. Another negative aspect is the unfair advantage of big brands over the market. Competition in fact, has reached a level that transcends political boundary. Multinational companies now possess the power to influence even political decisions. This has led to the shutting down of many smaller firms. Conglomerations are also a result of competition arising from globalization. Conglomerations are a result of unequal competition. When smaller firms fail to compete with big brands, they are left with the choice to either sell their company and leave with a paycheck or shut it down. Customers are also troubled by the competition, as they find it difficult to choose between the best product and service. In addition, they are sometimes fooled by companies into buying services that are of no value to them. Here, the companies break the ethical code of conduct in order to stay in the competition. It thus is visible that competition makes companies go against the moral rules and forget their ethical responsibility as well. Conclusion A thorough analysis of the factors of globalization brings forth the fact that market in the present era is the most dynamic and the most volatile at the same time. Globalization effected rise in competition and competition gave rise to better ethical and philanthropic responsibilities maintained by companies. It is because of this competition that organizations around the world are constantly trying to portray a positive image to the consumers. The essay compares and contrasts ethical and philanthropic responsibilities with examples. In addition, it also relates these responsibilities to globalization and competition.

Understanding addiction

It is difficult to understand the complexities that lead people to addiction to drugs and alcohol. Many people assume that individuals who are addicted lack moral principles or the intention to leave drugs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding addiction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ideally, a person who is addicted has a complex disease and a lot of effort has to be made to change that person. Due to the fact that drugs make the brain adapt to it’s routinely use, it makes it difficult for the user to quit drugs. Despite the difficulty in leaving drugs, some scientific advances have been made to make it possible for drug users to quit drug abuse. Abuse of drugs and addiction pose as a big danger to the stability of individuals in the society. In fact, in the United States alone, the cumulative substance abuse and related damages to the economy is approximately six hundred billion yearly. As muc h as this statistics show the extend of the damages caused by drug addiction, they do not represent the actual damages caused to the family such as separation in the family, school dropping, family conflicts and child mistreatment. Addiction is a persistent urge which makes a person’s brain to always want to use and look for specific compulsive drug without any consideration to the consequences to the individual or people around them. The first intention of using psychoactive drugs is voluntary and as time goes by, the brain gets used to it and an individual lacks self control and the will to resist its usage. Modern scientific approaches have been made available to enable drugs users leave this trend. The proponents of this medication propose that routine medications that go along with behavior changes need to be administered to ensure successful recovery of the people affected. Just like other chronic diseases for example diabetes and asthma, addiction can be treated succes sfully. Drugs have chemical components that disrupt the communication channels of the brain to an extent that it affects the way the brain processes and disseminates information. The chemicals present in the drugs disrupt the functioning of the brain in two ways mainly through imitating the natural functioning of the brain and overworking the circuit of the brain. Drugs like bhang and heroin have chemical components similar to those produced by the brain. This resemblance enables the components of the drugs to deceive the receptors of the brain by sending wrong messages. Drugs like cocaine release these chemicals in large amounts disrupting the normal circulation of the brain chemicals needed for normal functioning. The effect of this on the system by the drugs is adaptations to the drugs which make people repeat the behaviors induced by the drugs. Prolonged use of the drugs cause harmful effects to other parts of the brain functioning.Advertising Looking for essay on psycholog y? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some people become addicted while others do not. The explanations given by researchers for this difference are varied. They argue that it depends on the individual’s biological functioning, environment they socialize in and the age of an individual. For instance, factors that determine the extent of addiction of an individual are greatly determined by the genes he or she was born with and environmental influences. In addition, gender and ethnicity plays a critical role. Apart from biological influences, a person’s immediate environment and social economic status count towards the vulnerability of the individuals. Addiction to drugs can be prevented despite the difficulty that can be encountered. As long as the young people are adequately educated on the negative effects of the drugs, they can strive to leave the habit. This essay on Understanding addiction was written and submitted by user Perla V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Humanitarian Intervention Views of Richard Falk and Michael Walzer

Humanitarian Intervention Views of Richard Falk and Michael Walzer Identifying the central argument of the two articles Richard Falk and Michael Walzer present varying views as regards to the reason why state and non-state actors intervene in the international system whenever a crisis emerges. The two analysts differ over a number of fundamental issues, but they seem to agree about the nature of the international system, as they both observe that actors do not intervene to fulfil the interests of the affected individuals, but instead they aim at realizing their national interests.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Humanitarian Intervention: Views of Richard Falk and Michael Walzer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Falk notes that powerful states intervene militarily to realize their ambitions and objectives in any conflict. He analyzes the effects of intervention whereby he comes up with two sets of reactions that intrusion seems to generate as far as legal, ethical, and political issu es are concerned. In the first response, Falk observes that commissions are set up within the state to investigate the consequences of interference where eminent persons are appointed to serve in such committees. The second response to intervention is criticisms from civil societies and human groups. The analyst tends to disapprove the behaviour of powerful states and other units that rush into conclusion without seeking the approval of the world governing body, which is the United Nations. For him, the advice of the Security Council should always be relied upon before coming with a decision to intervene militarily in a war-tone region. Falk accuses the role of non-official bodies, such as NATO, which are often used in restoring peace without the approval of the world governing bodies. States should embark on strengthening the legally and ethically accepted institutions, such as the regional blocs since they represent the interests of the majority. Non-official organizations, includ ing NATO, only represent the interests of the powerful states, such as the United States, France, Britain, and other US allies. Whenever intervention is undertaken, Falk suggests that the UN objectives under the responsibility to protect clause ought to be followed closely. In this regard, the rules of engagement should be clear meaning that actors should determine when to intervene, the mode of intervention, and must give a genuine reason for intervening. Additionally, military involvement should be employed as a last resort meaning that other options should be explored. If military action is adopted, approval should be sought from the UN to make it legitimate. Michael Walzer approves intervention if it is felt that human life is in danger. In fact, he claims that actors should make an attempt of intervening as soon as possible to prevent human suffering. In his view, it is difficult to commit crimes against humanity without being noticed in the modern international system because of the development of information communication techniques.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his attempt to justify intervention, he analyzes four major themes that actors have to consider, which include the nature of occasion, the agents to be used in intervention, the techniques of engaging the aggressor or the belligerent state, and the best time to end or terminate intervention. Regarding occasion, the international community should only interfere with state sovereignty if the condition is extreme. Issues, such as violation of human rights and authoritarian regimes do not call for intrusion since they have to be dealt with locally. Only issues related to genocide and mass murder call for intervention. When engaging the aggressive party or state in the international system, only the United Nations should be given the mandate of doing so. The use of force i s justifiable, but only if other means have failed. Once the situation is restored back to normal, the intervening state should withdraw, as soon as possible. Identifying the points of agreement and disagreement between the tow scholars The two analysts agree at some point while in other instances they differ. On the issue of intervention, Falk observes that regional organizations and internationally recognized bodies, mainly the United Nation, should be left with the mandate of resolving conflicts and force should never be applied. Walzer takes a different stand, as he suggests that only the United Nations should be given the mandate of intervening and force might be used to restore the situation back to normal. Walzer is of the view actors in the international system should not intervene over minor issues. For him, only genocide should attract intervention, as other issues ought to be resolved locally. Falk differs slightly with this idea, as he suggests that actors have the right of intervening whenever deemed necessary. The two analysts agree that intervention is necessary and should always be undertaken whenever human life is in danger. While Falk underscores the that powerful states intervene to salvage their interests, Walzer has a different view, as he observes that intervention is undertaken to prevent the hostile actor from harming human life. They both give examples of intervention in India, Kosovo, and Rwanda, but their accounts are different. Critical evaluation of the two positions It is noted that Falk is a realist while Walzer is a liberalist. Realists believe that any state would have an interest of preserving its political autonomy, as well as territorial integrity. Regarding the intervention of powerful states, the main objective is to maintain the global power, which is defined in terms of military power, political domination, diplomatic power, and cultural power. Based on this view, realists believe that the international system is anarchi c, brutal, and life is short-lived as an actor engage in a zero-sum game whereby a loss on the side of one actor is the gain of the other.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Humanitarian Intervention: Views of Richard Falk and Michael Walzer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the global system, there is no Leviathan, which is charged with the responsibility of overseeing the affairs of all actors, instead the vacuum left is filled by the powerful states. In this regard, the international system exists based on the Hobbestian state of nature where life is short-lived and highly calculative. Peace in the international system is maintained by balance of power. Liberalism is one of the dominant theories in the study of international relations stating that world peace and security could be achieved through cooperation. The theory tends to suggest that regime types, existence of international organizations, and the nature o f domestic politics affect the decisions that foreign policy makers formulate at the international political arena. The commercial interests of various actors force them to implement free trade policies, which have the role to play in the relations among states. Through the theory, other related theories have been formulated, including globalization and interdependence. Walzer notes that agents of globalization, including the media, play a role in exposing the actions of the aggressive actor. For peace to be maintained globally, actors should think of institutionalizing peace, which would definitely facilitate cooperation. Walzer observes that the United Nations is competent in maintaining peace and security. Therefore, the theory does not encourage actors to come up with short-time peace solutions, but instead they should aim at formulating lasting peace strategies. In this regard, international law, norms, and formation of alliances ought to be stressed if lasting peace and securi ty is to be achieved. Falk, Richard. â€Å"Humanitarian Intervention: Elite and Critical Perspectives†. Global Dialogue, 7.1 (2005): 1-7. Print. Walzer, Michael. â€Å"The Argument about Humanitarian Intervention†. Forum for Intercultural Philosophy, 5.1 (2004): 1-8. Print.

3 Steps for Balancing Chemical Equations

3 Steps for Balancing Chemical Equations A chemical equation describes what happens in a chemical reaction. The equation identifies the reactants (starting materials) and products (resulting substances), the formulas of the participants, the phases of the participants (solid, liquid, gas), the direction of the chemical reaction, and the amount of each substance. Chemical equations are balanced for mass and charge, meaning the number and type of atoms on the left side of the arrow is the same as the number of type of atoms on the right side of the arrow. The overall electrical charge on the left side of the equation is the same as the overall charge on the right side of the equation. In the beginning, its important to first learn how to balance equations for mass. Balancing a chemical equation refers to establishing the mathematical relationship between the quantity of reactants and products. The quantities are expressed as grams or moles. It takes practice to be able to write balanced equations. There are essentially three steps to the process. 3 Steps for Balancing Chemical Equations 1) Write the unbalanced equation. Chemical formulas of reactants are listed on the lefthand side of the equation.Products are listed on the righthand side of the equation.Reactants and products are separated by putting an arrow between them to show the direction of the reaction. Reactions at equilibrium will have arrows facing both directions.Use the one- and two-letter element symbols to identify elements.When writing a compound symbol, the cation in the compound (positive charge) is listed before the anion (negative charge). For example, table salt is written as NaCl and not ClNa. 2) Balance the equation. Apply the Law of Conservation of Mass to get the same number of atoms of every element on each side of the equation. Tip: Start by balancing an element that appears in only one reactant and product.Once one element is balanced, proceed to balance another, and another until all elements are balanced.Balance chemical formulas by placing coefficients in front of them. Do not add subscripts, because this will change the formulas. 3) Indicate the states of matter of the reactants and products. Use (g) for gaseous substances.Use (s) for solids.Use (l) for liquids.Use (aq) for species in solution in water.Generally, there isnt a space between the compound and the state of matter.Write the state of matter immediately following the formula of the substance it describes. Balancing Equation: Worked Example Problem Tin oxide is heated with hydrogen gas to form tin metal and water vapor. Write the balanced equation that describes this reaction. 1) Write the unbalanced equation. SnO2 H2 → Sn H2O Refer to Table of Common Polyatomic Ions and Formulas of Ionic Compounds if you have trouble writing the chemical formulas of the products and reactants. 2) Balance the equation. Look at the equation and see which elements are not balanced. In this case, there are two oxygen atoms on the lefthand side of the equation and only one on the righthand side. Correct this by putting a coefficient of 2 in front of water: SnO2 H2 → Sn 2 H2O This puts the hydrogen atoms out of balance. Now there are two hydrogen atoms on the left and four hydrogen atoms on the right. To get four hydrogen atoms on the right, add a coefficient of 2 for the hydrogen gas. The coefficient is a number that goes in front of a chemical formula. Remember, coefficients are multipliers, so if we write 2 H2O it denotes 2x24 hydrogen atoms and 2x12 oxygen atoms. SnO2 2 H2 → Sn 2 H2O The equation is now balanced. Be sure to double-check your math! Each side of the equation has 1 atom of Sn, 2 atoms of O, and 4 atoms of H. 3) Indicate the physical states of the reactants and products. To do this, you need to be familiar with the properties of various compounds or you need to be told what the phases are for the chemicals in the reaction. Oxides are solids, hydrogen forms a diatomic gas, tin is a solid, and the term water vapor indicates that water is in the gas phase: SnO2(s) 2 H2(g) → Sn(s) 2 H2O(g) This is the balanced equation for the reaction. Be sure to check your work! Remember Conservation of Mass requires the equation to have the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. Multiply the coefficient (number in front) times the subscript (number below an element symbol)Â  for each atom. For this equation, both sides of the equation contain: 1 Sn atom2 O atoms4 H atoms If youd like more practice, review another example of balancing equations or try some worksheets. If you think youre ready, try a quiz to see if you can balance chemical equations. Balance Equations With Mass and Charge Some chemical reactions involve ions, so you need to balance them for charge as well as mass. Learn how to balance ionic equations and redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions. Similar steps are involved.

Self regulation and adolescent choices in friends Essay

Self regulation and adolescent choices in friends - Essay Example Hence, Self efficacy and Choice is the topic that deserves to be analyzed and substantiated for. Recent studies on self regulation have provided an insight into how students effectively respond to influences from the outside and then integrate them with their personal experiences. In the opinion of Michael Blocher, who has analyzed individual behavior, â€Å"Self- regulation has been recently studied to provide understanding for attributes of how traditional classroom students use their cognition, meta cognition and motivation to provide a successful learning experience. Locus of self- control, learning style, self regulation skills form a part of the wholesome development of the individual as a student, a researcher and as a learned scholar† (Blocher). This fact is crucial enough to provide proof to the fact that self regulation skills are essential to the formation of attitudes, behavior styles as well as response to external environment. Further, linkages between self regulatory processes and achievement are noted to be co existent factors. In a certain assessment for 3 years, among 732 children, who were identified as possessing lower grades, it was deduced that lower achieving students were not given initiation into self regulatory methods. This draws insight into the fact that early efforts to promote self efficacy in children, self regulatory skills would enhance further academic performance, promote self belief and enhance achievement, particularly in literacy. (Liew, p.515-526). Academic performance depends largely on the ability of the student to integrate scholastic knowledge with personal experience. The ability to synthesize knowledge with experience is the chief faculty of adolescents. â€Å"They posses increasingly higher levels of abstract thinking, engage in more sophisticated and elaborate information and their processing

Leadership Styles Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership Styles - Dissertation Example The guiding research question for the study asks whether there is a dominant leadership style (i.e. transformational, authoritarian, or laissez-faire) used by classroom teachers that helps students score 2400 or higher (commended status) on annual state-mandated assessments and if there are other factors that explain why scores are high under one teacher and why the same set of students can perform with low scores with another teacher. Statement of the Problem Scholars do not know how and to what extent classroom teachers using transformational, authoritarian, or laissez-faire leadership styles impact fourth- and fifth-grade elementary school students in consistently scoring 2400 or higher on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS), currently known as the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STARR); the Texas annual state-mandated test. The objective of the proposed study is to investigate the relationship of leadership styles of elementary teachers and fourt h- and fifth-grade students’ state-mandated test scores. ... Three alternatives may be used by classroom teachers, namely, the authoritative style, the laissez-faire style, and the transformational style. Students’ scores on state-mandated tests in fourth- and fifth-grade in an elementary school in Missouri City, Texas, will be utilized. Some students, for example, may have scored above the norm (i.e., 2400 or higher) in fourth grade on state-mandated tests, and the following year, those same students may have scored well below the norm, within the same school setting but with a different classroom teacher. The other variables under consideration are those which facilitate the learning process of students. See Figure 1. Researchers such as Jeanpierre (2004) have examined the topic of leadership styles in the classroom. However, they arrived at limited findings on the direct impact of leadership styles on students’ state-mandated test scores in elementary schools. In addition to elementary schools, community leaders, stakeholders, and business leaders also have public education systems under scrutiny to find evidence of leadership styles that motivate students to score consistently. The results of this study may reveal evidence regarding the correlation of leadership styles and student capabilities and achievements as measured by standardized testing. Logical Procedures In order to determine whether or not leadership style in teaching 4th and 5th grades will have a better impact on the level of learning based on test results of students, initial survey of available authoritative studies on this issue would have to be done. The term â€Å"teacher leadership† should first be defined and distinguished from other types of leadership. If initial research leads to a

English 0990 Reality tv Essay Example for Free

English 0990 Reality tv Essay In â€Å"The Distorting Mirror of Reality TV† written by Sarah Coleman, says that the producers have a distorting mirror to us as viewers. All producers distort all stereotypes and want the viewers to know what life is really like because of human diversity. Coleman states that the producers choose particular contestants, and the producers are making the chosen contestants are playing particular characters that the producers want them to be Coleman states â€Å"For ethnic minorities, old people, the unbeautiful, and the disabled, the message is harsh even in â€Å"reality† you don’t exist. †(pg 207) In addition to reality TV shows having all villains also helps the producers find exotic locations. â€Å"In reality TV, every character is a villain. †(pg 207), Coleman states. Reality TV according to Coleman is viewed as â€Å"One man for themselves† and she says this well when she writes â€Å" By eliminating one contestant each week, the show offers us a symbolic form of public execution. †(pg208)This is distorting because it shows once again human diversity. After all its not us that is being eliminated so it does not really matter who gets eliminated because we are still able to see the show and this is what keeps the viewers watching the reality shows, which offers us the symbolic form of public execution. On the contrary is the mirror of reality TV showing us the viewers what real life is about because of what reality TV shows people in society. The producers of Reality TV shows society that anyone will do anything for money and fame no matter how ugly and nasty they have to be to get it, they are determined to do whatever it takes. Coleman says this best when she says â€Å"Not are the shows’ producers the only cynics in this game. With winners appearing everywhere from playboy to lip-salve commercials, and sore losers suing producers for alleged results-fixing, it seems everyone is exploiting everyone here. † (pg208)

Waste Land Essay: Love and Sex -- T.S. Eliot Waste Land Essays

Love and Sex in The Waste Land      Ã‚   Attitudes toward love and sex are one of the major themes of the poem. The introduction to "The Waste Land" in The Norton Anthology of English Literature states that "This is a poem about spiritual dryness," and much of this spiritual dryness relates to the nature of the modern sexual experience (although there are also other aspects of spiritual dryness the introduction also notes that major themes include a lack of a "regenerating belief" that gives "significance and value to people" and a type of death that "heralds no resurrection"). (Introduction 2146) Comparisons of different types between past and present are often used to highlight the nature of this modern sexual experience, which is pictured as empty, as lacking in both romance and passion, and as fruitless. Lil's rejection of her offspring (line 160) has already been mentioned; other examples abound throughout the poem. One example is furnished by the seduction of the typist by the "young man carbuncular," describ ed by Tiresias in lines 230-256. This scene describes a seduction seemingly without any love or passion. The typist seems to have no desire for sex, but no desire to resist seduction, either -- the young man's "caresses are unreproved, if undesired." (lines 236-237) Her single emotion expressed in the passage is a vague relief when the episode ends. Eliot follows the scene of seduction with these lines:    When lovely woman stoops to folly and Paces about her room again, alone, She smoothes her hair with automatic hand, And puts a record on the gramophone. (lines 253-256)    These lines parody a song from Oliver Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield, in which a woman who had been seduced earlier... ... life cycle cannot continue and a large context for meaning in life is lost.    Works Cited and Consulted: Abrams, M.H., et al. Footnotes to "The Waste Land" in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Sixth Edition, Volume 2. General Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. Abrams, M.H., et al. Introduction to "The Waste Land" in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Sixth Edition, Volume 2. General Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. Eliot, Thomas Stearns. Footnotes to "The Waste Land" in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Sixth Edition, Volume 2. General Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. Eliot, Thomas Stearns. "The Waste Land" in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Sixth Edition, Volume 2. General Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993.   

Media Supporting Information Technology

? ROLE OF MEDIA TO PROMOTE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ROLE OF MEDIA TO PROMOTE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SUBMITTED TO: Ms. Tazeen Erum, Faculty Business Communication Institute of Business Management SUBMITTED BY: Hozefa Rasool, (MBA-IM) Ather Khan, (MBA-IM) September 02, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction A. Introduction to Information Technology 1. Application of Information Technology. B. Historical Background. 1. Pre-Mechanical Age 2. Mechanical Age 3. Electro Mechanical Age. 4. Electronics Age. C. Introduction to Media 1. Forms & Applications of Media II. Media Promoting Information Technology A. Broadcasting Revolution B. Printing as |Stronger Media C. Virtual University D. Efficient Media Reporting E. Electronic Newspaper III. Analysis of Infra-Structure IV. References September 02, 2007 Ms. Tazeen Erum, Faculty Business Communication Institute of Business Management Korangi Creek Karachi. Dear Ms. Erum: Here is the report on â€Å"Role of Media to Promote IT,† which you assigned us on August 5, 2007 at Iobm. I hope you find our effort according to your requirments and expectations. The contents of this report prove that Media has been major player in the promotion of IT. The report is based on our observations, technical know how and various sources which have been mentioned at the end of this report. Humanity has progressed from agricultural revolution to the industrial revolution and is now moving to an information revolution, where knowledge is the prime resource for production of goods and services. Just as machines have extended man's mechanical power and his convenience and comfort. The invention of printing was the first big break-through in Information Technology. It enabled literacy and education to go up from 10% to over 80% within 50 years by making available vast amount of reading material. That reading also led to the Reformation in Europe. Other break-through for Information Technology were the inventions like telegraphy, telephony, wireless or radio, television, broadcasting, computers (from room size to desk top to lap top to palm top and very soon, wearable ones. ) Information Technology as commonly picturised by computers, is extending man's mind or brain or intellectual power. Information Technology devices like microprocessors are becoming mass appliances from pace makers for the heart, hearing aids, and efficiency enhancers in automobile engines and devices to steer space vehicles on the moon. The computing power in the few micro processors that are now in a Ford Motor Car is much more than all the computing power that was put in the space vehicle that landed the first men on the moon and brought them back. I hope the report will be self explanatory, if not or you have any ambiguity, please contact us [email  protected] om Sincerely Hozefa Rasool Ather Khan INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is â€Å"the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. † In short, IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information, securely. Recently it has become popular to broaden the term to explicitly include the field of electronic communication so that people tend to use the abbreviation ICT (Information and Communications Today, the term information technology has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term is more recognizable than ever before. The information technology umbrella can be quite large, covering many fields. IT professionals perform a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include: Data management Computer networking Computer engineering Database systems design Software design Management information systems Systems management or System administration The use of information technology is penetrating a still wider part of human life, linking areas of human life and making different media and technologies converge and dissolve into new ones, broadening the scope of interest for ISD research accordingly. Various academic disciplines deal with issues related to the use and development of information technology: information systems research, human-computer interaction, computer supported collaborative work, theoretical computer science etc. As these disciplines are getting more and more intertwined and interdependent the need for an integrating conceptual basis is becoming urgent. The hypothesis behind the present collection of papers is that activity theory is such a suitable theoretical basis. Ultimately, information technology is about some familiar ideas: Improved access to information Increased staff productivity Lower operations costs APPLICATIONS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Because new technologies such as personal computers are complex and an element of uncertainty exists in the minds of decision makers with respect to the successful adoption of them, people form attitudes and intentions toward trying to learn to use the new technology prior to initiating efforts directed at using. Attitudes towards usage and intentions to use may be ill-formed or lacking in conviction or else may occur only after preliminary strivings to learn to use the technology evolve. Thus, actual usage may not be a direct or immediate consequence of such attitudes and intentions. (Bagozzi et al. 1992) PC Revolution is now well into its third decade and the continuing improvements in the user friendliness of PCs and Macs, printers and scanners, and software and the Internet has been enormous. The major application areas of Information Technology are briefly described. Data Management Data management comprises all the disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource. The official definition provided by DAMA is that â€Å"Data Resource Management is the development and execution of architectures, policies, practices and procedures that properly manage the full data lifecycle needs of an enterprise. † This definition is fairly broad and encompasses a number of professions which may not have direct technical contact with lower-level aspects of data management, such as relational database management. Computer Networking Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with communication between computer systems or devices. Communicating computer systems constitute a computer network and these networks generally involve at least two devices capable of being networked with at least one usually being a computer. The devices can be separated by a few meters (e. g. via Bluetooth) or nearly unlimited distances (e. g. via the Internet). Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of telecommunication, and sometimes of computer science, information technology and computer engineering. Computer networks rely heavily upon the theoretical and practical application of these scientific and engineering disciplines. Examples of networks are the Internet, or a small home local area network (LAN) with two computers connected with standard networking cables connecting to a network interface card in each computer. Data Base Management System The Data Base Management System accepts requests for data from the application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data. When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the organization's information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system. Organizations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction processing and then move the detail onto another computer that uses another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are performed by data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is performed by database administrators. Computer Software Computer Software of programs, enables a computer to perform specific tasks, as opposed to its physical components (hardware) which can only do the tasks they are mechanically designed for. The term includes application software such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to run the necessary services for user-interfaces and applications, and middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems. Management Information System Management Information Systems (MIS) is a general name for the academic discipline covering the application of people, technologies, and procedures. Collectively called information systems, to solve business problems. MIS are distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other information systems applied in operational activities in the organization. Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making, e. g. Decision Support Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems. Computer Simmulation A computer simulation, a computer model or a computational model is a computer program that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system. Computer simulations have become a useful part of mathematical modelling of many natural systems in physics, chemistry and biology, human systems in economics, psychology, and social science and in the process of engineering new technology, to gain insight into the operation of those systems. Traditionally, the formal modeling of systems has been via a mathematical model, which attempts to find analytical solutions to problems which enables the prediction of the behaviour of the system from a set of parameters and initial conditions. Computer simulations build on, and are a useful adjunct to purely mathematical models in science, technology and entertainment. HISTORY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY History of Information Technology is Characterized by a principal technology used to solve the input, processing, output and communication problems of the time: 1. Pre-mechanical 2. Mechanical 3. Electromechanical and 4. Electronic THE PRE-MECHANICAL AGE: 3000 B. C. – 1450 A. D. A. Writing and Alphabets–communication. 1. First humans communicated only through speaking and picture drawings. 2. 3000 B. C. the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is today southern Iraq) devised uniform 3. Around 2000 B. C. , Phoenicians created symbols 4. The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today. B. Paper and Pens–input technologies. 1. Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay. 2. About 2600 B . C. , the Egyptians write on the papyrus plant 3. Around 100 A. D. , the Chinese made paper from rags, on which modern-day papermaking is based. C. Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices. . Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest â€Å"books† 2. The Egyptians kept scrolls 3. Around 600 B. C. , the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together. D. The First Numbering Systems. 1. Egyptian system: The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom. 2. The first numbering systems similar to those in use today were invented between 100 and 200 A. D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system. 3. Around 875 A. D. the concept of zero was developed. THE MECHANICAL AGE: 1450 – 1840 A. The First Information Explosion. 1. Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany), invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450. 2. The development of book indexes and the widespread use of page numbers. B. The first general purpose â€Å"computers† 1. Actually people who held the job title â€Å"computer: one who works with numbers. † A. Slide Rules, the Pascaline and Leibniz's Machine. 1. Slide Rule. Early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English clergyman, invented the slide rule Early example of an analog computer. . The Pascaline. Invented by Blaise Pascal (1623-62). The Electromechanical Age: 1840 – 1940 The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses. A. The Beginnings of Telecommunication. 1. Voltaic Battery: late 18th century. 2. Telegraph: Early 1800s. 3. Telephone and Radio: Alexander Graham Bell. 1876 4. Followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated. 5. These two events led to the invention of the radio: Guglielmo Marconi. 1894 B. Electromechanical Computing 1. Herman Hollerith and IBM. 2. The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). 3. Paper tape stored data and program instructions. THE ELECTRONIC AGE: 1940 – PRESENT. A. First Tries: Early 1940’s, Electronic vacuum tubes. B. Eckert and Mauchly. 1. The First High-Speed, General-Purpose Computer Using Vacuum Tubes: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) The ENIAC team (Feb 14, 1946). Left to right: J. Presper Eckert, Jr. ; John Grist Brainerd; Sam Feltman; Herman H. Goldstine; John W. Mauchly; Harold Pender; Major General G. L. Barnes; Colonel Paul N. Gillon. 2. The First Stored-Program Computer: The Manchester University Mark I (prototype). 3. The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use: Universal Automatic Computer. B. The Four Generations of Digital Computing. I. The Second Generation (1959-1963). 1. Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as main logic element. AT's Bell Laboratories, in the 1940s Crystalline mineral materials called semiconductors could be used in the design of a device called a transistor 2. Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched cards as external storage devices. 3. Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be polarized in one of two directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the primary internal storage technology. II. The Third Generation (1964-1979): Advanced programming languages like BASIC developed. III. The Fourth Generation (1979- Present). INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA †Materials that holds and transmit data in any form including Newspapers, Multimedia Presentations, Disk Drives, Optical disks, Magnetic Tape, Cable and many more. In other definition Media is defined as, â€Å"Messages that are distributed through the technologies, principally text in books, study guides and computer networks; sound in audio-tapes and broadcast: pictures in video-tapes and broadcast; text, sound and/or pictures in a teleconference are termed under Media. † There are three main types of media: Print Electronic Published FORMS & APPLICATIONS OF MEDIA Journalism Journalism is a discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying, and presenting information regarding current events, trends, issues and people. Those who practice journalism are known as journalists. News-oriented journalism is sometimes described as the â€Å"first rough draft of history† (attributed to Phil Graham), because journalists often record important events, producing news articles on short deadlines. While under pressure to be first with their stories, news media organizations usually edit and proofread their reports prior to publication, adhering to each organization's standards of accuracy, quality and style. Many news organizations claim proud traditions of holding government officials and institutions accountable to the public, while media critics have raised questions about holding the press itself accountable. Broadcasting Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video signals to a number of recipients (â€Å"listeners† or â€Å"viewers†) that belong to a large group. This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience within the public. Thus, an Internet channel may distribute text or music worldwide, while a public address system in; for example, a workplace may broadcast very limited ad hoc SoundBits to a small population within its range. The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule. Internet The Internet (also known simply as â€Å"the Net† or â€Å"the Web†) can be briefly understood as â€Å"a network of networks†. Specifically, it is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and governmental networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web. Advertising Advertising is paid, one-way communication through a medium in which the sponsor is identified and the message is controlled. Variations include publicity, public relations, product placement, sponsorship, underwriting, and sales promotion. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including: television, radio, movies, magazines, newspapers, the Internet and billboards. Advertisements can also be seen on the seats of grocery carts, on the walls of an airport walkway, on the sides of buses, heard in telephone hold messages and in-store public address systems. Advertisements are usually placed anywhere an audience can easily and/or frequently access visuals and/or audio. MEDIA PROMOTING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Just as chemical or metallurgical or electrical technologies enable the processing of raw materials into usable goods, to satisfy man's and societies' needs so does information technology help the storage, processing, transmission and exploitation of information to satisfy a person's, company's, society's or government's needs for information. The invention of printing was the first big break-through in Information Technology. It enabled literacy and education to go up from 10% to over 80% within 50 years by making available vast amount of reading material. That reading also led to the Reformation in Europe. Other break-through for Information Technology were the inventions like telegraphy, telephony, wireless or radio, television, broadcasting, computers (from room size to desk top to lap top to palm top) BROADCASTING REVOLUTION Digital audio and digital video have revolutionized broadcast engineering in many respects. Broadcast studios and control rooms are now already digital in large part, using non-linear editing and digital signal processing for what used to take a great deal of time or money, if it was even possible at all. Mixing consoles for both audio and video are continuing to become more digital in the 21st Century, as is the computer storage used to keep digital media libraries. Effects processing and TV graphics can now be done much more easily and professionally as well. Other devices used in broadcast engineering are telephone hybrids, broadcast delays, and dead air alarms. See the glossary of broadcast engineering terms for further explanations. PRINTING AS STRONGER MEDIA Within fifty or sixty years of the invention of the printing press, the entire classical canon had been reprinted and widely promulgated throughout Europe. Now that more people had access to knowledge both new and old, more people could discuss these works. Furthermore, now that book production was a more commercial enterprise, the first copyright laws were passed to protect what we now would call intellectual property rights. A second outgrowth of this popularization of knowledge was the decline of Latin as the language of most published works, to be replaced by the vernacular language of each area, increasing the variety of published works. Paradoxically, the printing word also helped to unify and standardize the spelling and syntax of these vernaculars, in effect ‘decreasing' their variability. This rise in importance of national languages as opposed to pan-European Latin is cited as one of the causes of the rise of nationalism in Europe. VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY The Virtual University is based completely on modern Information and Communication Technologies. It provides extremely affordable world class education to aspiring students all over the country. Using free-to-air satellite television broadcasts and the Internet, the Virtual University allows students to follow its rigorous programs regardless of their physical locations. It thus aims at alleviating the lack of capacity in the existing universities while simultaneously tackling the acute shortage of qualified professors in the country. By identifying the  top Professors of the country, regardless of their institutional affiliations, and requesting them to develop and deliver hand-crafted courses, the Virtual University aims at providing the very best courses to not only its own students but also to students of all universities worldwide. EFFICIENT MEDIA REPORTING As newspapers, magazines, trade publications and newsletters creep on to the Web; this swells the demand for reporters, who can keystroke simple sentences and strings of numbers. New media positions do not increase the job market for journalists. For this purpose, reporting is defined as nuts-and-bolts, no-nonsense information-gathering and packaging. Reporting wants just the facts. Journalism entails investigation, explanation and a point of view. Journalists are story-tellers, fascinated with the human experience, alert to the drama of conflict and struggle, infinitely curious about the motives and meanings behind events. Reporters use nouns and verbs as blunt utilitarian instruments. Journalists indulge in figures of speech; they use words as symbols, to evoke empathy, indignation, pity or anger. Most of what appears in Star or the National Enquirer is journalism, albeit of a very ripe kind. Most of Investor's Business Daily is reporting. ELECTRONIC NEWSPAPER In the late 1990’s newspapers began offering their content on the Internet in record numbers. By the end of the decade, more than 1,000 North American newspapers offered online versions, most available to Internet users free of charge. Electronic newspapers spared publishers one of their highest expenses—newsprint—and many brought publishers additional advertising revenue. Today Newspapers on the web offers readers the same content as its print publication as well as stories and features available only in its online version. ANALYSIS OF INFRA-STRUCTURE The government firmly believes in bringing the Pakistani media at par with the international standards and a total of 52 media development projects are being launched in the year 2007-08 with record allocation of six billion rupees, according to Federal Minister for Information and Broadcasting Muhammad Ali Durrani. Rs. 148. 039 million has been earmarked for the media development projects in NWFP, which demonstrates the government’s firm resolves to take all the federating units along in the development process. The Laram Top RBS has been established at the cost of Rs. 27. 97 million and is designed to serve around 450,000 people, while the RBS at Bajaur Agency, established with the total cost of 34. 733 million, is expected to cover 75,000 households, he said. The projects will not only carry the benefits of the modern age to distant regions of the country but will also bring affordable entertainment at the doorsteps for the common public. Islamabad Media University will be launched in the federal capital within next two months at a cost of Rs. 500 million, followed by setting up of its provincial campuses, including the Peshawar campus, in the second phase. Media University will not only offer specialized courses in media and journalism but will also initiate various research projects on media related issues. Rs. 35. 55 million will be spent to ensure full FM Radio coverage on Motorways sections M-1 which links Peshawar with Islamabad, and M-2, connecting Islamabad to Lahore. FM facility on the motorways will not only make the 500 KM-long journey from Peshawar to Lahore informative and pleasant but will also provide better opportunities to the media sector to expand itself in those gaps which are desperately needed to be filled in. Beside s this, up-linking stations will also be established in Islamabad as well as in all the provincial capitals, including Peshawar, which will cost around 49. 81 million rupees. These up-linking facilities would provide efficient and high quality information flow between the network and the subscriber. Snap-shot of Current Pakistan IT and Communication are stated below: TV sets70 million Cable Connections 35 million Daily/Periodical Papers 1500 Telephone Connections 65 million Mobile Connections 95 million Internet Connections 1 million References Internews Asia Pacific; www. internews. org/regions/asia/default. shtm The Media Handbook; by Hellen E Katz, 2003 Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority; www. pemra. gov. pk Pakistan Telecommunication Authority; www. pta. gov. pk Statistics Bureau of Pakistan; www. statpak. gov. pk Media Technology and everyday life in Europe; Roger Silverstone, 2005. World Bank; www. worldbank. org Wikipedia Encyclopedia; www. wikipedia. com University of Alabama, Dept. of Telecom and Film; http://www. tcf. ua. edu/AZ/ITHistoryOutline. htm. University of Arhus, Dept. of Computer Science; denmarkhttp://www. cs. aau. dk/SJIS/journal/volumes/volume12/articles/01-intro_p3-14. pdf.

Thesis (Point of Sale System)

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION â€Å"Our belief at the beginning of a doubtful undertaking is the one thing that assures the successful outcome of any  venture† Starting up small businesses is a risky venture, particularly for first-time entrepreneurs. Taking a cautious approach and starting small is the best way to launch a small business. Entrepreneurs should avoid investing so much of their personal money that they would be financially ruined should the small-business venture fail.Starting a service business allows a skillful entrepreneur with a specialized background to capitalize on his skills to the fullest potential, sometimes earning more than they could work as an employee plying the same trade. They often doing more of the same things that made them successful in the first place and so are the humble beginnings of â€Å"LNKS†. They are the first t-shirt store in their place. June 2010 â€Å"LNKS† was built at Dona Erika Brgy. Zone 2, Talisay City by Achilles Palma, Christian Sausa, Rodzil Camato, Mary Ver Libo-on and Shiera Mae Tuting, group of friends since they were in college.The primary target of the business is the schools that surround the establishment and also the near offices, houses, community and passersby from other cities. The products of this business are produced to meet the customer’s new life style, sense of taste and expectations for better quality less expense t-shirts. Method of transportation is provided to facilitate an efficient distribution of the products to the respective customers. Promotion and advertisement of our products is applied. The investors are the owners of this business and it is now successfully booming in the industry.Honesty and professionalism is what the owners believe that makes the business stand still for a long time. LNKS is using manual system in every transactions and it’s hard for the cashier because it is time consuming and sometimes mistakes can’t be avoided. 1. 1 Organizational Background LNKS is an exciting new business that allows people to custom design a shirt, specifically the design on the front or back. LNKS will harness the power of computer sublimation to allow custom shirt printing in production runs as small as one unit.The company was founded last June 2010 by Achilles Palma, Christian Sausa, Rodzil Camato, Mary Ver Libo-on and Shiera Mae Tuting, LNKS have a storefront in Talisay City as well as a comprehensive website that advertise their products. Imagine the ability to create a totally custom shirt. You choose the material and style of the shirt, and then the image or graphic you want on the front and/or back. This is the ultimate form of expression. There are no limits to what you can communicate. Some people might show their fanaticism for a particular sports team, others a musician or you might have a social message or cause on your shirt.Whatever you may decide,  you can print any image on your shirt because it’s not just a shirt it’s who you are. 1. 2 Company Mission and Vision Mission LNKS’ will offer the finest in custom shirt sublimation production, the best product at the best price and customer's expectations will always be exceeded. Vision A company that shareholders, customers and society want with trustworthy leading brands for our consumers and customers' preferred supplier. 1. 3 Unit DescriptionGraphic Designer Web Developer Owner/ Manager Accountant Customer Services Production SupervisorOperation Staff Staff Sales Marketing Fig. 1. 0 Organizational Chart Description The owner/manager is the proprietor of the business. The owner hired a manager to run the business without him or without his supervision or supervise the business himself. The graphic designer supervisor is the one in charge in making all the designs and plans. The web developer is the one who is in charge in doing the advertisement or develop a website for the business as online presence. Production supervisor is the one who supervise if the products meet the supply and demands of the customer.Accountant is the one who does all the financial statement of the company, do the auditing if the business is gaining or losing. Sales marketing are the people who let the business be known in the market they do the advertisement or do some launching to make the business more popular for the consumer. Operation staff is the one in charge in the operation and the one who make decision on what to do or not if there is a problem occur. Who make sure that everything in the operation or in the building is doing good, he is also in charge on those machines and equipments being used if it is still good to used for or not or need a replacement.Customer service is the people who answer customer’s complaints and queries. Staffs make sure that everything was polished and products are ready to market. 1. 4 Current System Description LNKS is using manual system for selling products. Every time there is a buyer, the seller still writes everything from recording sales to receipts. Monthly inventory were based on sales recorded in every transactions. Inventory takes a lot time to discern the result because recorded transactions need to be reviewed first since sometimes error cannot be avoided. The manual system consumes a lot of time and it is laborious for the cashier. . 5 Current Data Flow Diagram Items’ Details Receipt 0 Manual POS Verification of Transaction Client Cashier Bill’s Information Items to be purchased Fig. 2. 0 Context Data Flow Diagram of the Current System This illustrates the Data Flow Diagram of the Walk-in/Order Transaction of the Current System. The cycle shows how the transaction works out. As the customer enter the store he/she will choose from the products then it will pass through the cashier were all the data/ bill will be calculated and written down and bills must be paid before customer gets the product/s. . 0 Verification of Produc t Product Information Cashier Product Client 2. 0 Calculating of Bills Bills’ Information Account Details 3. 0 Payment of Bills Bill/Payment Receipt and Purchased Product/s 4. 0 Issuance of Receipt Fig. 3. 0 First Explosion Data Flow Diagram of Walk-In Transaction of the Current System This explosion shows the walk-in transaction. Transaction starts when the customer enters the shop. As he/she chooses a product it will go through the cashier. Product will be first verified while the cashier writes everything into a ledger and receipt.Bills will be calculated manually or calculator will be used. After calculating the customer pays the bill and gets his/her receipt and product/s. 4. 0 Issuance of Receipt 3. 0 Paying of Partial/Full Payment 2. 0 Calculation of Bills 1. 0 Verifying of Products Product Stocks Items’ Information Product Client Cashier Bills’ Information Account Details Bill/Payment Claim Slip Claim Slip Receipt and Purchased Product/s Finished Product /s 5. 0 Issuance of Product/s Fig. 4. 0 First Explosion Data Flow Diagram of Order Transaction of Current SystemThe only difference between walk-in and order transaction is that order customer could pay partial or full and products will be given on the date agreed. 1. 6 Proposed Data Flow DiagramVerification of Transaction Cashier 0 Automated POS Receipt Client Item/s to be purchased Sales Fig. 5. 0 Context Data Flow Diagram of the Proposed System This illustrates the Data Flow Diagram of the Walk-in/Order Transaction of the Proposed System. The cycle shows how the transaction works out on proposed system. As the customer enter the store he/she will choose from the products then it will pass through the cashier were the sales happen.Sales include the inputting of data, calculating and payment of bills which all happens on the system. Printed receipt and product/s will be given afterwards but for the order transaction products will be delivered or fetch on the agreed date. 1. 0 Sales Product Information Product Client Cashier 1. 3 Payment of bills 1. 1 Verification of Product Account Details 2. 0 Issuance of Receipt Receipt and product/s Purchased Bills’ Information 1. 2 Calculating of bills Bill/Payment Fig. 6. 0 First Explosion Data Flow Diagram of Walk-in Transaction of the Propose System.This illustrates the detailed Data Flow Diagram of Walk-in Transaction of the Proposed System. On proposed system everything will be easy and faster because all you/cashier have to do is to input data into the system and the system works everything for you/cashier. As the customer chooses a product/s, cashier input the date and quantity, he/she chooses on the product list price automatically appear, system calculates the total amount and receipt will be printed out. Then product and receipt will be given to the customer. Product Product Stocks 1. 0 Sales Inventory Cashier ClientProduct Information 2. 1 Verification of transaction 2. 0 Sales Bills Information 3. 0 Iss uance of receipt Receipt 2. 2 Calculating/ payment of bills Receipt 3. 0 Issuance of products Products Fig. 7. 0 First Explosion Data Flow Diagram of the Order Transaction of the Current System This illustrates the detailed Data Flow Diagram of the Order Transaction of the Current System. Walk-in and order transaction is almost the same. First is that the customer chooses from the list of product and gives added information or requests while the cashier input those data into the system.System will calculate everything for the cashier and as the customer pays the bill, customer will just wait for the delivery of the purchased products on the date agreed. CHAPTER II Project Charter This chapter discusses the strategies being done by the proponent that made them came out with the idea of improving the manual operations inside the business. This chapter also includes the problem statements and the objectives of the project. 2. 2 Statement of the Problem The lists of problems of the curr ent system used of the business are as follows: . Consumes a lot of time on writing every single detail in each transactions. 2. Loss of documents because of unsecure storage due to paper works and ledger. 3. Incorrect/unreliable result of inventory depending on manual list. 2. 1 Project Objective The exact objectives of the proposed Point of Sale System are as follows: 1. Make every transaction easy and faster because cashier will just input data to the computer. 2. To avoid loss of information/data of transaction because of secure storage and backups are available. 3.To have an accurate total inventory because of automatic calculation of sold/unsold products. 2. 3 Scope and Limitation The main concern of this project is the daily transactions and inventory of LNKS. The purpose of this project is to solve the problem about manual transaction. POS helps LNKS in recording sales, inventory, reports and printed receipts. The POS will be a competitive advantage to business competitors. 2. 4 Project Vision Customers want a faster transaction and that is the LNKS Point of Sale. Records of data are manageable, reliable and well-organized for inventory. 2. 5 Business ConstraintsAll of them are in favor of the project proposal of Point of Sale of LNKS. But we can't avoid constraint like having employees who isn’t comfortable or used to of using computer yet they are willing to undergo training. Because we are now in a computer generated world customers will surely approve because it will make every transactions faster and reliable. 2. 6 Project Strategy The company studied to find out the problem and gather some suggestion for the betterment of the transaction of the company. The company considers the affect of manual transaction to the cashier and inventory.Company even interacts with other company to mobilize the current system for transaction. The programmer decided to use Microsoft Visual Studio and Access for database to keep track on every data inputted in the Point of Sale System. Programmers studied every corner of the manual transaction for them to know and to figure out what are the problems to be solved and applied in the Point of Sale System. CHAPTER III Review of Related Literature This chapter contains different companies that use POS system in their businesses. The proponents are eager to enhance the capability of the proposed system.In relation to that this chapter’s contents will give the proponents ideas on how to optimize and enhance the system that they would like to have for the benefits of user, employees, the business and the clients. 3. 1 Local Literature E. C. PAY Through the years, E. C. Pay has produced several products and services that catered to the needs of its merchant clients. Several of these noteworthy achievements include real-time loading of air-time credits, bills payment, electronic pins, retailer loading, and POS integration services. Features Technological Conveniences Simple, user-friendly a nd robust system * Electronic dispensing of e-pins done real-time (i. e. virtually unlimited variety of prepaid card products can be made available) * multi-platform solution enables merchants to select an option suitable to their current business practice and operating procedures * E. C. Pay's time-tested prepaid virtual wallet system allows for a â€Å"liquid inventory† so that merchants are no longer saddled with the cost of unsold or non-moving products * Updates for new products and services are done centrally by E.C. Pay so there is no need to update the storefront for any change * Real-time Settlement and Reconciliation * Automated Back-office Billing * Daily / Weekly / Monthly reports are sent to the merchants in their preferred formats. * Replenishment is made simpler by loading through other E. C. Pay accredited merchants. Cost Savings / Added Revenue * Reduction/elimination of opportunity losses resulting from stock-outs and over-stocks * Reduction/elimination in p repaid inventory-related costs: a) Handling, b) Receiving, c) Storing, and; ) Delivery * Reduction/elimination of pilferage/theft of prepaid products * Additional revenues arising from other products and services aside from prepaid loading * Additional revenues from advertising and promotions, and partner-sponsored promos and events Security * Various Encryption methodologies are employed generously throughout every possible process to ensure the safe storage and delivery of services * E. C. Pay's NOC is safely secured in IBM Plaza in Eastwood and is redundant in another VITRO location. * Advanced feedback (i. e. se of â€Å"warning flags† in reconciliation reports to alert clients on potential settlement problems) * Provides access controls for various levels of Web access within a single client * Full audit trails are disclosed and made available to client merchants on their transactions 7-ELEVEN 7-Eleven Food stores migrate to NEC Point-of-Sale system In a move to meet the ir plans of doubling net income from P9. 3 million of last year, PSC began its foray into information technology to further improve its franchisee and company store operations that will translate to better sales and more responsive customer care.PSC adopted a new point-of-sale (POS) system that is meant to respond more efficiently to the demands of today’s breed of consumers. This includes the provision for one-stop, round-the-clock on-line repayment and purchase services ranging from utility bills to credit card. Features * Efficient distribution of information from store site to corporate site * Multi-store Editing – maintain single corporate database of PLU’s, Prices, Taxes and Screen * Layouts by database store group * Maintain individual store database for employee, store messages and ommunication * Consolidated reporting by time or store group, by region or a combination * Password protected security levels * Schedule daily and weekly tasks such as importi ng files and receiving consolidated reports * Prices can be assigned to a group of stores or assigned by each store * Hi-speed connections at each site allows store to connect to internet provider via: Router with DSL cable Router with Modem Back-up * Individual store automatically â€Å"pushes† files by schedule to the FTP site * Store database updates downloaded files prior to activation with confirmation. 3. Foreign Literature WENDY’S INTERNATIONAL Wendy’s International has chosen WAND NextGen Point of sale software for its franchisees. WAND currently has more than 1,600 Wendy’s restaurant installations, providing an intimate knowledge of the Wendy’s system. Wendy’s is engaged in a Point of Sale system which would: * Support conversional ordering * Increase accuracy and speed * Allow for significant growth in menu offerings. WAND NexGen POS conducted field studies in various markets and store types, learning about emplyees’ struggl es, frustrations, and the unique context in which their employees work.WAND brought back some surprising findings regarding customer interaction, employees’ use of technology (and ways they got around its limitations. ) The proponents also provided insights which helped corporate adjust the way they monitored and communicated with employees. WAND analyzed customer orders collected in the field, and created a design based on this and a host of other data. Thus, the design was founded not only on solid usability principles, but also on hard data specific to the Wendy’s environment. The new design allows cashiers to: Take an order as the customer speaks it with less transaction and fewer interruptions. -Easily make adjustments when the customer changes his/her mind. -Assess order accuracy at the point of interaction, rather than having to continually check the virtual receipt. -Quickly find needed menu items and functions, due to an organization ad flow that matches the w ay they think. -The new design has produced a 90% reduction in voids while increasing speed of service, order accuracy, customer satisfaction, and average check size. NICKY NICOLENicky Nicole, a children’s fashion store located in Hudson, Ohio, has only been open a year, but already business is solid. Specializing in clothing, jewelry and items for young girls between the ages of 4-14, Nicky Nicole is quickly merging into the fashion scene. Starting a new business can be overwhelming, but MJ Leman, the owner of Nicky Nicole, did the research and decided long before the store opened that she would use the latest technology to give her an operational advantage. Lehman’s goal from the start was to establish a data-driven based operating system that could accurately track buying and selling.The challenge was finding a cost efficient and easy to use system that would meet the needs of this new specialty store. WASP Quick Store POS Solution was suggested to Nicky Nicole beca use it includes everything needed to control inventory, conduct sales and manage the customized requirements of a retail business. What the system establishes is the ability to keep track of what is selling and allows the owner to make the proper business decisions when it comes to new orders. In addition, the combination of this detailed data captures system and a clearly labeled inventory guarantees that every sale is professional and error free.This enables Nicky Nicole to increase productivity by eliminating the need for paper files, handwritten data reports, Lehman will not have to worry about lost inventory or stock-outs. With the Wasp POS system, tracking inventory and managing sales at Nicky Nicole is simple. Wasp Quick Store Point of Sale gives this small business access to the same technology that allows the larger, higher-volume retailers too quickly and accurate manage transactions. This complete business management system gives Lehman total control of her store from the sales registers to the stock room and every step in between. . 3 Summary of Findings Based on what the researcher researched and on the data gathered in both local and foreign companies uses Point of Sale System, the researcher found an idea about how the system will look like. The feature of the Point of Sale System is said to be more accurate and much faster in making every transaction. The system will enable also to provide and manage for maintenance and transaction which can generate an accurate and detailed report ready for submission in every inventory. The system also has various features which involve user-friendly interface and fast lookups.CHAPTER IV FORMS and DATA ANALYSIS 4. 1 Form Description This is where the forms are shown and its functions. Fig. 8. 0 LOG IN FORM Log-in form is where every data/transaction of a business is secured. The only one who can access through the stored files is the admin and limited areas for the user/cashier. Fig. 9. 0 MAIN FORM Main form has the record of all transactions; list of products, suppliers, customers, sales order, purchase order and reports. Fig. 10. 0 PRODUCT FORM Product form is where product’s data is added, stored and could be deleted. Fig. 11. 0 SALES FORMSales Form has the record of sales transaction; date of sales, cashier, customer, product, quantity, price and total amount. It also has the button for printing receipt. Fig. 12. 0 PURCHASE ORDER FORM Purchase order form has the record of purchase transaction; date of sales, cashier, customer, product, quantity, price and total amount. It also has the button for printing receipt. Fig. 13. 0 ADD CUSTOMER FORM Customer form is where customer’s data is added, stored and could be deleted. Fig. 14. 0 ADD USERS FORM Users Form is where the admin could add another user, edit user’s data or delete a user.Fig. 15. 0 CASHIER FORM Cashier form has a limited button for cashier unlike main form where the only one who could access is the admi n. The cashier could only access the sales, sales order and reports. Fig. 16. 0 CUSTOMER FORM Customer Form has the list, with its information, of the entire customer that LNKS has encountered. Fig. 17. 0 SALES RECORD FORM Customer Form has the list, with its information, of the entire customer that LNKS has encountered. Fig. 18. 0 INVENTORY FORM Inventory Form is where the transactions of products purchased are recorded.Fig. 19. 0 PURCHASE RECORD FORM Purchase Order Form displays all the purchase order records that contain supplier’s name, qty, product’s name, price and total amount. Fig. 20. 0 SALES ORDER FORM Sales Order Form has the record of sales transaction; date of sales, cashier, customer, product, quantity, price and total amount. It also has the button for printing receipt. 4. 2 Data Dictionary This is where the tables are shown with its column name, data type, field size, if it is optional or not, foreign or primary key and its description. Table 1 Log In F ormFIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| User’s unique identifier| Username| Text| 20| No| | Username of user| Password| Text| 20| No| | Password of user| Table 2 Customer Form FIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Customer ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Customer’s unique identifier| Lastname| Text| 50| No| | Lastname of customer| Firstname| Text| 50| No| | Firstname of customer| Address| Text| 100| Yes| | Address of customer| Contact No. | Text| 15| Yes| | Contact No. of customer| Table 3 Product FormFIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Product ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Product’s unique identifier| Quantity| Number| Long integer| No| | Qty left in products| Product name| Text| 100| No| | Name of product| Price| Currency| | No| | Price of each product| Table 4 Supplier Form FIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPT ION| Supplier ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Supplier unique identifier| Suppliers name| Text| 100| No| | Supplier’s Name| Address| Text| 100| Yes| | Address of supplier| Contact No. | Text| 15| No| | Contac No. of supplier| Table 5 Sales Order FormFIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Sales order ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Sales Order unique identifier| Customer ID| Number| Long integer| Yes| | Customer’s Name| Date| Date/Time| | No| | Date of transaction| Table 6 Sales Order Details Form FIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Sales Order Details ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Sales Order Details unique identifier| Sales Order ID| Number| Long integer| No| FK| Sales Order unique identifier| Quantity| Number| Long integer| No| | Qty of products sold| Product name| Text| 100| No| | Name of product|Price| Currency| | No| | Price of each product| Amount| Currency| | No| | Total amount of sold produc ts| Table 7 Purchase Order Form FIELD NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION| Purchase Order ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Sales Order unique identifier| Customer ID| Number| Long integer| Yes| | Customer’s Name| Date| Date/Time| | No| | Date of transaction| Table 8 Purchase Order Details Form COLUMN NAME| DATA TYPE| FIELD SIZE| OPTIONAL| KEY| DESCRIPTION|Purchase Order Details ID| Autonumber| Long integer| No| PK| Purchase Order Details unique identifier| Purchase Order ID| Number| Long integer| No| FK| Purchase Order unique identifier| Quantity| Number| Long integer| No| | Qty of products bought| Product name| Text| 100| No| | Name of product| Price| Currency| | No| | Price of each product| Amount| Currency| | No| | Total amount of sold products| CHAPTER V PROJECT TECHNICALITY 5. 1 System Project Scope The programmer designs the system easy for the users to use. It can be access by the admin/user.This system will be used for the daily transaction of LNKS. Information of every transaction are saved and secured. Saved data will used for inventory. 5. 2 Usage Scenario Log-in/Log out Encode Information of Customer Access System for Inventory Reports Access Transaction/Printing Receipts User Log-in/Log out Adding/Editing Prices/Deleting Adding New User/Cashier Access for Inventory Reports Admin User Log-in/Log-out Name| Log in/Log out| Description| Admin can access the system| Actor| Admin| Scenario| Happy Path * The admin will choose the username and type the password. Admin will log-in into the system| Workflow| | Add New Transaction Name| Add Data| Description| Can create new data| Actor| Admin| Scenario| Happy Path * The admin can add new data. * Admin will encode all data needed. | Workflow| | Delete Data Name| Delete data| Description| Can delete data| Actor| Admin| Scenario| Happy Path * The admin will delete invalid or undesirable data. | Workflow| | View Data Name| View Data| Description| Admin can view saved data| Actor| Admin| Scenario| Happy Path * The admin will view saved and updated data. | Workflow| | Customer’s AccountName| Log in/Log out| Description| Admin can access the system| Actor| User| Scenario| Happy Path * The user will access the system but with limitation. | Workflow| | Customer’s Data Name| Add customer’s data| Description| Can add new customer’s data| Actor| User| Scenario| Happy Path * The user will add new data for the customer’s record. | Workflow| | Customer’s Data Name| View customer’s data| Description| Can view all customer’s data| Actor| User| Scenario| Happy Path * The user will view customer’s data for transaction purposes. | Workflow| | Customer’s OrderName| Calculate customer’s data| Description| Can total all customer’s order| Actor| User| Scenario| Happy Path * The user will total customer’s order and save the transaction. | Workflow| | Customer’s Bill Name| Issued bil l for customers| Description| Can issued receipts for the purchased products of the customer. | Actor| User| Scenario| Happy Path * The user will sum-up the bill * The user will issued receipts for purchased products. | Workflow| | CHAPTER VI 6. 1 Software Requirements The programmer preferred to use the following software for the propose system of LNKS.Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 is used for making and designing the GUI of the system, Microsoft Access is used as the database program for monitoring the files or data and Photoshop was used for the logo of LNKS. SOFTWARE| MINIMUM| RECOMMENDED| 1. Microsoft Visual Studio 2008| MVS2008| MVS2008| 2. Microsoft Access| Microsoft Office 2007| Microsoft Office 2010| 3. Photoshop| Photoshop CS3| Photoshop CS5| 6. 2 Hardware Requirements Hardware requirements for the proposed system are the following: HARDWARE| MINIMUM| RECOMMENDED| 1.AMD or Intel Pentium 4 Dual Core processor| 2 Dual Core processor| 4 Dual Core processor| 2. 128 MB of RAM| 1 28 MB of RAM| Higher if possible| 3. 100 GB Hard drive| 100 GB| Higher if possible| 4. Screen Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"800| | | 5. Mouse| Touchpad| Optical Mouse| 6. Keyboard| any| any| 7. Monitor| 16bit Colored Monitor| 32bit Colored Monitor| 8. USB Storage Mass/Disk for back-up files| 50 GB| Higher if possible| 9. Printer| Laser Printer| Ink Jet Printer| 6. 3 Staff Requirements and Qualification The Point of Sale System is intended for the daily transactions of LNKS with customers and suppliers.The manager is responsible to evaluate reports and improving strategies to enhance the quality of transaction, operation and inventory. The user must also know how to operate the POS or if not the user might go through a training session to familiarize the features, capabilities and different functions of the POS. STAFF| QUALIFICATIONS| 1. Admin| Computer Literate, Proficient in using the system, knows how to troubleshoot. | 2. User| Fast Learner and willing to undergo training. | CHAPTER VII I n this part, it discusses about the proposed Point of Sale system for LNKS.This chapter includes the summary, conclusion and recommendation. The summary discusses the reasons why the programmer proposed the Point of Sales system. The conclusion tells the output of the proposed system and the recommendation involves the idea or the suggestions of the programmer. 7. 1 Summary of Findings In proposing the system, the programmer makes sure that the system proposes would be a big help for the LNKS to solve the problem and to be more competitive. The programmer proposed the system to change the current system and remove the problem that the manual system produced.LNKS needs POS system to make the transactions easy and faster, to be more efficient and to avoid loss of documents and incorrect manual list. But before that, the programmer had undergone in the process of observation, data gathering and analysis to think what is the best to provide improvement for the LNKS, the programmer had a n idea to propose a POS system for the LNKS. As the first problem states that manual transaction consumes a lot of time because of writing, so POS could make it faster through inputting data directly in the computer.Second problem is the storage where ledger is used and it could be lost or misplaced but it could be saved by POS because of its back up storage with security measures. And the last one is having unreliable result of inventory based on ledger; it could be because of unreadable penmanship or overlook of data, to have an accurate result POS enter where it has an automatic calculation of sold/unsold products and sales report whenever the company needs it. 7. 2 Conclusions The programmer concludes that the POS system is more professional to use than the manual transactions to avoid problems of the LNKS.Through the POS system, LNKS will maintain the records easily and safely and sent an accurate report for inventory. Transaction would be faster and can also avoid errors in li sting details. 7. 3 Recommendation The system made to be much more improved than the current system. POS system can meet the needs of LNKS to become successful in such an easy way process and to gain a competitive edge over other business, for its process of transactions is easy and less errors. REFERENCES 7-Eleven (2011, February 13). Point of sale.Retrieved (February 20, 2011) from http://www. 7eleven. com. ph/AboutUs/CompanyProfile/tabid/94/Default. aspx E. C Pay (2012, February 13). Billing and Inventory sytem. Retrieved (Feb 20, 2012) from http://ECPAY. com/Arizona Department of Transportation Wendy’s International. (). Point-of-Sale Designs. Retreived February 18, 2012 Nicky Nicole. (). Point-of-Sale. Retreived February 21,2012 www. waspbarcode. com/point_of_sale/case_nickynicole. asp USER’S MANUAL Log-in and Log-out Procedure (admin and cashier) 1. Log-in form must be filled with username and password.If it doesn’t match or username and password are inval id, a message box will appear to warn the user. 2. If log-in was successful, for admin, MDIFORM will appear consist of transaction, reports, users, items and help. For cashier, a form with Sales and Report button will appear. 3. When Log-out is click MDIFORM will close and it will go back to the Log-in form. Add Sales Procedure (admin) 1. Click Transaction and choose Sales on the MDIFORM. 2. Then the Sales Form will appear. Click add new button. Fill-in all needed data, click save and then close.Add User Procedure (admin) 1. Click Users and choose Add user on the MDIFORM. 2. Then the Add User Form will appear. Click add new button. Fill-in all needed data, click save and then close. Add New Product Procedure (admin) 1. Click Items and choose Input Products on the MDIFORM. 2. Then the Items Form will appear. Click add new button. Fill-in all needed data, click save and then close. Add Sales Procedure (cashier) 1. Click Sales on the Cashier Form. 2. Then the Sales Form will appear. Cl ick add new button. Fill-in all needed data, click save and then close.