Marriage, a History

Coontz (2005) focused on historical changes in marriages from prehistoric to present times, mainly in terms of how institutional and social needs affected restrictions on the liberties of wives.   Although she described historical periods as characterizing marital patterns, she carefully noted that both within and between periods, history has been cyclical.For example, birth and divorce rates have fluctuated based on the changing needs of economies during different times, and conceptions of women as either sexually â€Å"pure† or â€Å"wanton† have varied over the ages.   She takes issue with three â€Å"myths† she believes people hold:   that the history of women contributing to the support of their families has a fairly short history, and that both love as a reason for marrying and couples aspiring to the marital form of husband as sole â€Å"breadwinner† have long histories.Contrary to what Coontz believes many people think, from the beginning of human evolution, through the days of ancient Greece, until the 1950s, the majority of women were a part of what we now call the work force.   In prehistoric history, she, of course, noted that men were â€Å"hunters† and women were â€Å"gatherers,† since gathering could be done while caring for the young.   However, it was gathering, not hunting, that provided most of the food needed for survival, and hunters and gatherers shared within groups or â€Å"bands† (p. 38), rather than as couples.   Marriages between sons and daughters from different bands served to maintain friendly between-band relationships.The author dated the time that marriage became an institution where wives lacked power in â€Å"ancient agricultural societies† (p. 46), although â€Å"widows† would be a more accurate term than â€Å"wives.†Ã‚   Coontz was referring to the choices a woman had after the death of her husband, e.g., killing herself or marrying a relativ e of her dead husband.   These practices were a result of the development of economic inequalities, where wealthier families became more interested â€Å"in whom their kin married† (p. 46).Both economic theories and the fact that it is women who are able to reproduce make this interpretation convincing.   In addition, although not noted by Coontz, the fact that on average men are physically larger and stronger might explain why women were not able to resist in becoming dominated.Probably because women were the ones who gave birth, there has been a tradition of holding them accountable for failing to provide male â€Å"heirs† for their husbands.   Coontz recounted the well-known fate of Anne Boleyn in the sixteenth century (p. 133), who refused to become the mistress of Henry VIII, when his current wife Catherine failed to produce a son.Her refusal led Henry to break ties with the pope who refused to grant him a divorce, so he could marry Anne – but he had her executed when she too failed to produce a son.   People still speak of wives â€Å"giving† their husbands sons, when anyone who has taken high-school biology knows that women have nothing to do with a child’s genetic sex – i.e., since only men have a Y chromosome, women always provide one of their two X chromosomes and the genetic sex of a child depends upon whether the father passes on his X or Y chromosome.Prior to the seventeenth century, although married women and men might come to love each other after marriage, love was not considered necessary or even desirable in a marriage.   Indeed, early Christianity discouraged close marital or other family ties because one’s first loyalty was supposed to be to God (pp. 87-88).   In medieval Europe, marriages within family aristocracies were encouraged, and despite the selectively enforced rules of the Catholic Church, incest was not uncommon.The overwhelming majority of people were not among the ari stocracy, but marriages among tradespersons also were arranged for economic purposes, and the marriages of peasants generally were arranged by their masters.In the seventeenth century, marriage based on the personal choices of those being married was sanctioned.   But it wasn’t until the eighteenth century â€Å"in Western Europe and North America†¦ [that] marriage for love†¦[became] a cultural ideal† (p. 7), until the nineteenth century that marriage in the form of husband as â€Å"breadwinner† with a wife at home emerged, and it wasn’t until the 1950s that the economy in America permitted the majority of marriages to assume this form.It is easy to assume, as Coontz does, that those who marry for love have been happier than those in arranged marriages or those marrying for other reasons.   Interestingly, there seems to be no evidence that social scientists have ever tested this assumption.   We don’t really know, for example, wheth er women who marry for love wind up any more or less happy than women in arranged marriages, such as Golde, in Fiddler on the Roof (Stein, 1971), who ends her description of years of caring for her husband’s needs, by asking, â€Å"If that’s not love, what is?†Actually, the difference between a sexual relationship between a couple who love each other and a couple who are â€Å"in love† is not clear, and may, in fact, be a quantitative variable, rather than the qualitative one people assume.   Montagu (1999), considered a major anthropologist of the last century, wrote, â€Å"Marriages between persons of character who can be friends tend to last and grow in reward and happiness† and ultimately result in love, as opposed to marriages resulting from â€Å"that frenzy miscalled ‘love’† (p. 105).In fact, most of us know some very happily married couples who met because they were able to afford the expensive services of businesses t hat have replaced the â€Å"matchmakers† of days past.   In fact, based on observation, â€Å"love† does not â€Å"conquer all,† in the sense that most marriages still are between those of similar socioeconomic status, who are of the same race, and even the same religion.As for the form of marriage where the husband is â€Å"breadwinner,† as Coontz observed, the form was a goal of both husbands and wives.   Presumably, the rewards husbands expected were status, i.e., being a man who could provide for his wife and children through his own efforts (or the efforts of wealthy ancestors), having his needs met by women advised to have elegant meals and spotless homes and children awaiting his return from work, and the advantages of a charming wife to help him succeed in corporate America.   Women too must have expected status, i.e., snaring a successful husband through her own charms (or those perceived in women with wealthy ancestors), fulfillment in bei ng able to devote herself to raising her children, and leisure to pursue her interests.Coontz has noted that the male â€Å"breadwinner† model has worked and continues to work for some couples, but not for most.   Men were less vocal, probably because it’s harder, or perceived as less noble, to express discontent for having sole responsibility than to express discontent about not being able to assume responsibilities.   While Coontz devoted only half a page (p. 251) to male discontent, and does so in the context of rebelling against social expectations and wanting to enjoy the sexual pleasures Hugh Heffner was promoting, men were expressing the realities of the world of work they knew, as opposed to women expressing a desire to join a world they didn’t yet know.When you think of work, as others have done, in terms of what you actually do, as opposed to how much you’re paid to do it, how much work is there that’s inherently interesting or reward ing to those doing it, how much is even a pleasant way to pass the time, and how much is so meaningless and mind-numbing that those doing it are â€Å"leading lives of quiet desperation† (Thoreau, 1854/1995)?     Ã‚  It would be interesting to read about work and marital relationships written in the year 2050.Coontz views the rejection of the 1950s predominant model of marriage in the context of dissatisfaction with this model.   She describes The Feminine Mystique (Friedan, 1063/2001) as a wake-up call to women that was an important force in introducing the changes over the next thirty years that have made diverse forms of relationships acceptable.Friedan’s book was, in fact, a wake-up call to white middle-class women, but the rejection of the 1950s model of marriage probably should be seen as part of the larger historical context, i.e., rejection of a decade of fear of nonconformity after people witnessed lives were destroyed as a result of seeing communists un der all of our beds who were out to paint America â€Å"red.†Ã‚   The 1950s dictated not only marital arrangements but all facets of our lives.   While still oversimplified, perhaps the wake-up call that eventually resonated with many Americans was the question finally put to Joe McCarthy:   â€Å"Have you no shame, sir?† (Welch, 1954, cited in Kiely, 2005).SurprisesIt should surprise no-one that wives have had a long history in the work force.   If nothing else, we do know that â€Å"ladies† had maids and some of the ladies’ maids must have had husbands. We know too that some have considered prostitution the â€Å"oldest profession† and, despite the obstacles, there were at least some women who were able to become poets or scientists.   However, I had never thought about the large number of women, married and single, who would have had needed to work because the overwhelming majority of people were and in some countries still are poor.Whil e we all know that arranged marriages were not unusual in the past, I was surprised to learn that for most of human history virtually all marriages were arranged and love was not even considered a reason for marrying.   I guess my surprise is a result of our culture being saturated by stories of love.   If love is not the theme of a movie, it’s hard to think of any movie that doesn’t have a â€Å"love interest† as part of the plot.By the fifth grade, girls and boys claim they are â€Å"in love,† and, despite the changes in the ways Coontz believes young people think, most of the young people I know think, talk, and are more involved in both love and sex than in thinking about and working on equitable and mutually rewarding relationships.   Knowing now that loving before marrying wasn’t even considered for most of human history, I’d like to know how the concept â€Å"in love† developed and suspect it’s actually a social co nstruction – or perhaps simply means both loving someone and wanting a permanent sexual relationship with that person.As for the history of the â€Å"man as breadwinner† form of marriage, I did assume it had always been around, but was not surprised that it was a form that, except for the fifties, most married couples were unable to adopt.   Even in the fifties, this form of marriage was affordable by only a small majority   Ã‚  As long as women are allowed to work and can find jobs that pay more than the cost of childcare, for most of the world, working is not an â€Å"option† that women or men â€Å"choose,† but what one does in order to put food on the table, pay the rent, etc.Coontz said in reference to the nineteenth century, â€Å"It is hard for us to grasp the slim margin that made the difference between survival and destitution for so many people in the past† (p. 174).   This sentence probably surprised me more than anything else in h er book.   It is hard for me to grasp that anyone capable of reading a book, let alone writing one, is unable to grasp that this slim margin is true for â€Å"so many people† in the present, for many in the United States and for the majority of those living in many so-called third-world nations.   Perhaps this sentence explains why I had the sense that after descriptions of her own middle-class reality, she merely felt obliged to pay lip-service to the â€Å"unwashed masses.†Sometimes, what she failed to say was more revealing than what she did say.   For example, she failed to mention that a by-product of Friedan’s (1063/2001) call for middle-class married women to enter the work force resulted in poor, often minority, women being poorly paid (probably in cash) for caring for the children left at home or in children being left with poorly paid and poorly trained workers at understaffed daycare centers.   I also was surprised that she felt comfortable dr awing conclusions without providing empirical data to support them.   For example, she says that marriage â€Å"remains the highest expression of commitment in our culture.†Ã‚   She states this as fact, rather than as I would state my belief as an â€Å"opinion that the highest expression of commitment is between mothers and their children.†Finally, her noting that marital history was cyclical made me realize that it was a mistake to consider current social conditions in general as either permanent or becoming more firmly established.   However, Coontz herself believes that we cannot turn back from changes in patterns created by the â€Å"marriage revolution.†Ã‚   Why not?   She does not even consider this question.ReferencesCoontz, S. (2005).   Marriage, a History:   From obedience to intimacy or how love  conquered marriage.   New York:   Viking.Friedan, B.   (1963/2001).   The feminine mystique.   New York:   Norton.Kiely, K.   (2005 ).   Supreme court.   USA Today.   Retrieved April 23, 2007.Montagu, A. (1999).   The natural superiority of women.   Walnut Creek, CA:   AltaMira Press.Stein, J. (1971, based on Aleicham, S.).   Fiddler on the roof.   Minsch-Cartier Production.Thoreau, H. D. (1854/1995).   Walden.   New York:   Houghton Mifflin.

Personal development Plan

Target dates for review and completion. How have I chosen these dates? Efficient team 22ND June 2012 -will be management with a target date to review on improved communication my communication skills skills. As I would have ended The aptitude to feel self- my two terms by then assured on message sent and will be confident in out and also, receiving a communicating in form page | 3 (Refer appendix 1 and Ask for feedback from 3) tutors and peers to attain level of proficiency on the assignments for written kills and on presentations for oral skills. Refer learning journal IX) Ones, Marcella) will help me to update my knowledge. So, as to be a part of discussions in group activities and presentations Other than from the books and links informed by tutor I believe I should widen my knowledge by reading reference books like Reduce Stress with Increased Assertiveness's By Elizabeth Scott, M. S. Message without any barriers. Of assignments and presentations. It will be the time close to my internship which will necessitate me to highly have this skill. Personal management skills Planning andOrganizing the activities and most crucial managing time along with it. Solidification at all times is vital to achieve end goals (Refer appendix ) The constant feedback from peers and tutors will help in excelling on outcomes which will reflect upon my planning and organizing skills. (refer learning journal Ill) Keeping the time frame as crucial aspect a constant awareness in managing time will be important to accomplish assignments in Completing a task in time and without rushing them for last minute of submission deadlines.This can be motivating to attain the personal managing skills and their implication in further goal at study and at work in future. 2ND Appraisal-Which is end on first term. By then could reflect back on to the shortcomings in first term which may include delay in submissions or working till last minute. I would than use these as motivational circumstances for terms ahead and prioritize my time more efficiently. In one of the knowledge cast We Were taught on important/urgent grid, than applied this model in relevance of the tasks had to do with their priorities.This grid can be implemented in studies and at work as it helps to accomplish the goals set in time (Refer Page | 4 appendix 5) a comfortable time span. Presentations are time sensitive as well which needs peers to time us during the rehearsals can help managing. Reading books like â€Å"Getting Things Done by David Allen† on personal management other than allocated text books can be initiative on enhancing these skills.Cognitive Skills The articles and case Studying in depth the Critical Thinking and studies provided during theories and models, then Analyzing of all the the course of seminars writing an assignment on readings that are and group activity will same will make us think done. Analyzing and elf to portray on critically when presenting making subject matter in de pth. Our ideas. Recommendations as a The specific time bound Also, studying case studies part of critical reading case studies will help us like one done in module , writing (Refer critically taking notes International Business appendix 1) on thinking of it.Strategy based on During the final answer Licensing of Subway will on case study, it will be make us think critically on important to think the business strategies critically in order to incorporated in an The clear idea while presenting and the accuracy of case study answers shows critical thinking. The discussions in seminars on various theories can be criticized with consistency in them. 1 5th Jejunely-Near to finish line of second semester will mark the decision on depth of my critical thinking with the final task at hand to submit.Over this period at seminars we will come through to various case studies and theories to analyze which will further enrich the critical in depth thinking to be part of all my readings in Page | 5 Team Working Skills: motivation and management all the colleagues of the group and keep them motivated to attain the final goals. Refer learning journal IV) come to final decision and make suggestions to company. (Refer learning journal VI) organization. Even read articles from recommended readings by tutors and critically analyze them like What Great managers Do? L Concentrate on each group members performance and as a group leader helping them with adequate feedback to attain the high assessment outcomes. Attend the various workshops on management at CUL. Participating in various group tasks at university like â€Å"Synergy Business Challenge† where working as team to make profits as business was To comprise appropriate knowledge of ways to attain self motivation I will read books like â€Å"You Can Win† by Ship Cheer and also, book my place for seminars on motivation and management at CUL by tutors and external Professionals who share their experience to make it mor e relevant in understanding. Personal Development Plan Personal Development Plan: Guidance notes â€Å"Personal development planning enables individuals to take charge of their own learning. Learning becomes a proactive as well as reactive process, designed and prioritised to support immediate development needs as well as longer term ambitions†[1] A Personal Development Plan (PDP) enables learners to identify key areas of learning and development activity that will enable them to either acquire new or develop existing skills and behavioural attributes for the following purposes: enhance performance in their current role †¢ address anticipated changes in their current role †¢ address career aspirations towards a future role Prior to completing the Personal Development Plan (scroll down to next page(s) for a template to complete), the learner should undertake a skills analysis activity to determine their learning and development needs and identify development objectives to meet those needs. View the following links for too ls to help you do this: http://www. admin. cam. ac. uk/offices/hr/cppd/career/planning/#now We recommend that the personal development planning process should be undertaken initially by the learner followed by discussion and agreement with their manager. It is recommended that this process should take place annually and ideally should form part of the Staff Development and Review (Appraisal) process. However, it can be equally valuable when undertaken as a stand-alone activity. The personal development planning process should ideally begin at the point at which the learner is new to their role and undertaking their induction. The process can then continue throughout their employment at the University. Personal Development Plan: Key to terminology used in template Development Objectives are objectives that you have identified to enable you to meet the learning and development needs identified at the skills analysis stage Priority identifies whether your development objective is: †¢ critical to your current role †¢ beneficial but non-critical to your current role †¢ critical to your progressing in to future role †¢ beneficial but non-critical to progressing in to future role Activities can constitute any learning or development activity that will enable you to achieve your development ojectives e. . formal training, on-the-job training, work-shadowing another colleague etc. Support/Resources describe what you need to help you achieve your development objectives. Typically this would involve support from your manager, department or colleague to enable you to undertake a learning or development activity such as allowing you time away from your role or funding from your department. Target and Actual dates state when you intend to achieve your development objectives followed by the date you actually achieve them. Data in these columns is particularly useful when you review your PDP as it will enable you to identify any factors that may have prevented you from achieving your development objectives on the target date and build in contingencies to prevent this from occurring in the future. Review date states when you will review progress on your Personal Development Plan. Assuming that you undergo the personal development process annually, we recommend that you review your PDP every six months therefore enabling you to: †¢ Assess your progress †¢ Reflect on your learning Identify whether your development objectives need to be amended †¢ Identify factors that may have prevented you from achieving your development objectives †¢ Build in contingencies to enable you (where possible) to meet your agreed target date in the future Personal Development Plan: Template |What are my development |Priority |What activities do I need to undertake to |What support/resources do I need to ach ieve my |Target date for achieving my |Actual date of achieving my | |objectives? | |achieve my objectives? objectives |objectives |objectives | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Review Date: | | ———————– [1] AUA Postgraduate Certificate in Professional Practice (Higher Education Administration and Management (OUVA) Personal development Plan Target dates for review and completion. How have I chosen these dates? Efficient team 22ND June 2012 -will be management with a target date to review on improved communication my communication skills skills. As I would have ended The aptitude to feel self- my two terms by then assured on message sent and will be confident in out and also, receiving a communicating in form page | 3 (Refer appendix 1 and Ask for feedback from 3) tutors and peers to attain level of proficiency on the assignments for written kills and on presentations for oral skills. Refer learning journal IX) Ones, Marcella) will help me to update my knowledge. So, as to be a part of discussions in group activities and presentations Other than from the books and links informed by tutor I believe I should widen my knowledge by reading reference books like Reduce Stress with Increased Assertiveness's By Elizabeth Scott, M. S. Message without any barriers. Of assignments and presentations. It will be the time close to my internship which will necessitate me to highly have this skill. Personal management skills Planning andOrganizing the activities and most crucial managing time along with it. Solidification at all times is vital to achieve end goals (Refer appendix ) The constant feedback from peers and tutors will help in excelling on outcomes which will reflect upon my planning and organizing skills. (refer learning journal Ill) Keeping the time frame as crucial aspect a constant awareness in managing time will be important to accomplish assignments in Completing a task in time and without rushing them for last minute of submission deadlines.This can be motivating to attain the personal managing skills and their implication in further goal at study and at work in future. 2ND Appraisal-Which is end on first term. By then could reflect back on to the shortcomings in first term which may include delay in submissions or working till last minute. I would than use these as motivational circumstances for terms ahead and prioritize my time more efficiently. In one of the knowledge cast We Were taught on important/urgent grid, than applied this model in relevance of the tasks had to do with their priorities.This grid can be implemented in studies and at work as it helps to accomplish the goals set in time (Refer Page | 4 appendix 5) a comfortable time span. Presentations are time sensitive as well which needs peers to time us during the rehearsals can help managing. Reading books like â€Å"Getting Things Done by David Allen† on personal management other than allocated text books can be initiative on enhancing these skills.Cognitive Skills The articles and case Studying in depth the Critical Thinking and studies provided during theories and models, then Analyzing of all the the course of seminars writing an assignment on readings that are and group activity will same will make us think done. Analyzing and elf to portray on critically when presenting making subject matter in de pth. Our ideas. Recommendations as a The specific time bound Also, studying case studies part of critical reading case studies will help us like one done in module , writing (Refer critically taking notes International Business appendix 1) on thinking of it.Strategy based on During the final answer Licensing of Subway will on case study, it will be make us think critically on important to think the business strategies critically in order to incorporated in an The clear idea while presenting and the accuracy of case study answers shows critical thinking. The discussions in seminars on various theories can be criticized with consistency in them. 1 5th Jejunely-Near to finish line of second semester will mark the decision on depth of my critical thinking with the final task at hand to submit.Over this period at seminars we will come through to various case studies and theories to analyze which will further enrich the critical in depth thinking to be part of all my readings in Page | 5 Team Working Skills: motivation and management all the colleagues of the group and keep them motivated to attain the final goals. Refer learning journal IV) come to final decision and make suggestions to company. (Refer learning journal VI) organization. Even read articles from recommended readings by tutors and critically analyze them like What Great managers Do? L Concentrate on each group members performance and as a group leader helping them with adequate feedback to attain the high assessment outcomes. Attend the various workshops on management at CUL. Participating in various group tasks at university like â€Å"Synergy Business Challenge† where working as team to make profits as business was To comprise appropriate knowledge of ways to attain self motivation I will read books like â€Å"You Can Win† by Ship Cheer and also, book my place for seminars on motivation and management at CUL by tutors and external Professionals who share their experience to make it mor e relevant in understanding.

An Example of an Introduction

An Example Of An Introduction How to write an Introduction It is the intention of this essay to critically analyse how a manager is able to plan, organise, lead and control the introduction of a self management team at Aerospace Technology Port Melbourne manufacturing plant. Secondly, this essay will also critically analyse how a self managing team leader is able to involve team members in problem identification, team meetings and rostering and strategic thinking and problem solving.Thirdly, this essay will seek to critically analyse how team leaders within a self managing team are able to empower other team members to become involve in problem identification and brainstorming of solutions to achieve a competitive advantage over key rivals. Body of Essay An Example Of How To Construct A Six Step Paragraph Step one: Write a lead in sentence that refers back to the essay topic It is the intention of this paragraph to analyse how and when Drug Inc. enior managers can deal with resistanc e to change, downsizing and casualisation of non-core employees. Step Two: Cite expert opinion to support your upcoming cause and effect analytical example. Kotter & Schlesinger (1979), as cited in Wood et al. , (2006:504), argues that there are six ways to deal with resistance to change namely education and communication, participation and involvement, support and facilitation, negotiation and agreement, manipulation and cooptation and explicit coercion.Step Three: Write a measurable cause and effect analytical example Drug Inc. top managers have decided to downsize and casualise its non-core workforce to reduce labour costs and introduce internet selling as part of its operations. However, these changes can impact on employees and may lead to a decrease in job satisfaction, absenteeism, morale, uncertain and fear of future employment. Therefore the Drug Inc. managers implement its changes by implementing a strategic planned change management approach that deals with resistance to change processes.Step Four: Cite expert opinion to support your analysis of the advantages of: Makawatsukul & Kleiner (2003), argues that the key advantages of managers and change agents being actively involved in managing change is that they are able to inform employees about the impending change being planned with open and honest communication, and by expressing the reason for downsizing. In stage 2 the remaining employees should be involved in redesigning and improving their job roles and responsibilities.In stage 3 Drug Inc. generous remuneration offers should be made to the survivors of the downsizing to highlight how valued they are by management. In addition Makawatsukul & Kleiner (2003), also argues that the Drug Inc. needs to provide stress management, skill assessment, career counselling, workplace placement programs while training programs should also be provided to the remaining employees, in an effort increase their confidence and skills in performing new job roles.Step Five: Cite expert opinion to support your analysis of the disadvantages of: Whereas, Dawson, (1996), as cited in Saka (2002), argues that the key disadvantage of managers and change agents not communicating to employees the impending threat of downsizing and job redesign may result in an increase in rumours that leads to an increase in staff absenteeism, a decline in staff morale and loyalty that could ultimately result in an increase in staff turnover of highly talented and core employees.Step Six: Write a concluding sentence (or two) that summarises the key point(s) contained in the paragraph In conclusion, resistance to downsizing within the Drug Inc. organization can only be overcome if employees concerns are dealt with openly and honestly and the survivors new job roles and responsibilities are clearly defined and opportunities for training and development and advancement are explained to each employee on an individual basis. An example of how to write an excellent paragraph T his is a repeat of the previous page but in the correct paragraphing format) It is the intention of this paragraph to analyse how and when Drug Inc. senior managers can deal with resistance to change, downsizing and casualisation of non-core employees. Kotter & Schlesinger (1979), as cited in Wood et al. , (2006:504), argues that there are six ways to deal with resistance to change namely education and communication, participation and involvement, support and facilitation, negotiation and agreement, manipulation and cooptation and explicit coercion.Drug Inc. top managers have decided to downsize and casualise its non-core workforce to reduce labour costs and introduce internet selling as part of its operations. However, these changes can impact on employees and may lead to a decrease in job satisfaction, absenteeism, morale, uncertain and fear of future employment. Therefore the Drug Inc. managers implement its changes by implementing a strategic planned change management approach t hat deals with resistance to change processes.Makawatsukul & Kleiner (2003), argues that the key advantages of managers and change agents being actively involved in managing change is that they are able to inform employees about the impending change being planned with open and honest communication, and by expressing the reason for downsizing. In stage 2 the remaining employees should be involved in redesigning and improving their job roles and responsibilities. In stage 3 Drug Inc. enerous remuneration offers should be made to the survivors of the downsizing to highlight how valued they are by management. In addition Makawatsukul & Kleiner (2003), also argues that the Drug Inc. needs to provide stress management, skill assessment, career counselling, workplace placement programs while training programs should also be provided to the remaining employees, in an effort increase their confidence and skills in performing new job roles.Whereas, Dawson (1996), as cited in Saka (2002), argu es that the key disadvantage of managers and change agents not communicating to employees the impending threat of downsizing and job redesign may result in an increase in rumours that leads to an increase in staff absenteeism, a decline in staff morale and loyalty that could ultimately result in an increase in staff turnover of highly talented and core employees.In conclusion, resistance to downsizing within the Drug Inc. organization can only be overcome if employees concerns are dealt with openly and honestly and the survivors new job roles and responsibilities are clearly defined and opportunities for training and development and advancement are explained to each employee on an individual basis. An Example Of A ConclusionIn conclusion, the key issues identified within the KD Transport case study are John the Managing Director’s autocratic leadership style, his autocratic decision making style and involvement in job analysis and job redesign in preparation for downsizing no n core job roles. In order to overcome the issues identified in KD Transport, these issues should be addressed efficiently. The first key problem identified is that John the ManagingDirector of KD Transport should be ready to change his traits and behaviours to overcome the problems facing at the moment due to his autocratic leadership style and autocratic decision making. The first key recommendation is that John adopts more participative leadership style over the current autocratic leadership style because it is likely to result in creative and innovative ideas, employee involvement in decision making that generate a broad range of actions that could be considered for implementation.The second key problem identified in the case study is that John the Managing Director should involve fellow managers and employees in the decision making process. The second key recommendation is that John adopts participative decision making where the Managing Director seeks input from other managers and employees and it is likely to result in increased employee satisfaction, improved staff loyalty, increased productivity and more informal efficient decision making outcomes.The third key issue identified is that John should involve HR personnel in job analysis and job redesign process. The third key recommendation is that John the Managing Director seek the involvement of HR Personnel or a HR consultant in employee downsizing, job analysis and job redesign process because HR personnel have the expertise to conduct job analysis and identify which job roles should be downsized and which employees and job roles should survive in order to achieve short term as well as long term organizational goals and objectives.Furthermore, the HR personnel has the expertise to design a training and coaching process for the survivors of the re-organisation process at KD Transport to perform the new job roles and responsibilities as a result of the job redesign process that occurred with the amalg amation of three warehouses into one. Finally, John the Managing Director should take all the aforesaid factors into consideration in order to facilitate the smooth running of the business and over come the current problems that KD Transport is experiencing. An Brief Example Of A Bibliography (A bibliography must be in alphabetical order of authors cited) References:Compton, R. , Morrissey, W. , and Nankervis, A. , (2006), Effective Recruitment and selection practices, 4th edition, CCH Aust Ltd, Sydney Deresky, H (2008), International Management: Managing across borders and cultures, 6th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA. Fish, A. , Bhanuogopan, R Cogin, J. , (2008), ‘Value orientations as predicators of cultural and business impact’, Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 30-48. Fu, P. , Yukl, G. , (2000), ‘Perceived effectiveness of influence tactics in the United States and China’, Leadership Quarterly, Vol . 1, No. 2. pp. 35-55. Hayes, D. , Ninemeier, J. , (2008), Human Resources in he Hospitality Industry, John Wiley & Sons Inc How To Cite Textbooks And Journals In Your Bibliography Citing textbooks in your bibliography is as follows: Surname, Initial of Christian Name, (Year of Publication) Title of Textbook, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication. Citing journals in your bibliography is as follows: Surname, Initial of Christian Name, (Year of Publication), Title of journal article, Name of journal article, Volume, Issue Number, Page Numbers.

Should gay couples be able to marry Research Paper

Should gay couples be able to marry - Research Paper Example Regardless of the legality the same-sex marriages, research show its trend moving in an upward direction. Therefore, this manuscript will critically analyze the issue of same-sex marriages, vitally weighing the positive and the negative aspects of same-sex marital union. Same-sex marriage is an issue that has raised concern for a long time in most communities across the globe. Moreover, the US is among many countries around the world that has experienced many protests, some campaigning for the same-sex marriages, while others against this form of marital union (Mello 64). The pro-gay marriage activists cite several reasons for their relentless campaign for legalization of same-sex marriages. Firstly, these activists argue that gay couples have equal rights as other couple and that disallowing them to practice same-sex marriage is against the freedom of association (Rimmerman and Wilcox 176). Moreover, they argue that it hampers the group’s freedom of religion choice. In additi on, they argue that refuting same-sex marriage is an example of prejudice against the minority, since gay believers form a small minority in most communities across the globe. These critics allege that it has no negative effect on other individuals, since it only affects the gay believers (Aldarondo 122). Some even claim that any marriage should be based on love, regardless of which sex an individual is. Furthermore, pro-gay campaigners argue that same-sex marriage is the in-thing, and civilized individuals should adapt to this ‘modern’ lifestyle. Another reason cited by these activists is that an increase in the number of gay marriages is advantageous to the society, since it will increase the number of child adoptions within societies. This, they claim is possible, since gays are unable to have children and will only rely on adoption (Cahill 53). Some activists claim that a gay union is an association, just like the business associations. As such, people should be all owed to associate, just like other business associates are free to unite. Moreover, these campaigners argue that since the marriage entails, two individuals of the same sex, the two partners will have equal rights (Hull 124). Therefore, since the partners are of the same gender, they will have same responsibilities, thereby improving the financial capability of the couple. On the other hand, the majority of the world communities do not support same-sex marital unions, based on several factors. For instance, the main world religions do not support gay marriage since it is against their sacred teachings (Snyder 99). According to these world religions, marriage should be a sacred union between a man and a woman, with the principal purpose of procreating. As a result, gay marriage does not fit in any world religion. However, gay activists may retaliate to this by alleging that most states’ constitutions provide for freedom of worship as long as it does not harm other individuals (Snyder 98). Same-sex marriage supporters claim to increase the rate of child adoption. However, anti-gays claim that a gay family setting is not a suitable environment to raise children, since these children may grow up with socially unnatural and unaccepted norms. As a result, these children may have serious problems while they grow and interact with other children. This will also bring confusion to the children

Ethics in Sports Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethics in Sports Management - Essay Example The initial arguments will be explored and the main angles of the debate will be identified. After that, an empirical analysis of key reading materials will be conducted to identify social norms and sporting management trends and elements. This will create the basis for critical analysis in order to identify the rightful solution to the issue at hand. Scenario This essay revolves around a case where a sports manager trainee is told to give misleading information in a public relations campaign about a football team. The team has major issues with the following: 1. The drug addiction of a central star player. 2. Major management rifts concerning shareholders. 3. Personal problems with the coaching staff. 4. Race rifts within the playing body of the team. 5. Major financial challenges and crises with major financier The media has come up with numerous campaigns to expose these problems and issues. Clearly, most of the speculations and claims are true. However, the management and board s eek to undertake an image enhancing campaign. And the newly appointed sports manager trainee has been chosen to lead this campaign. The rest of the paper will examine the different moral and ethical elements of the study. Initial Argument From this scenario, it is clear and apparent that the young manager is in his pre-professional management years. At this point, he will have to balance two conflicting ideas and concepts. The first idea is the need to be honest and ethical in the delivery of information about internal conditions to external stakeholders. Thus, working as a public relations representative presents the opportunity to be ethical and show honesty and transparency as required by laws and regulations. On the other hand, the young manager also has to adapt to the norms of the organization. He will have to show that he is an asset, rather than a liability to the sports institution employing him. This is because the institution expects him to become a positive and an import ant individual to the entity. This can be done by salvaging the image of the entity and doing what will retain supporter confidence, increase returns and improve the company's image and also provide some psychological advantage to the team. However, going too far at this side of the continuum could pose some dangers. The obvious one is that the information that is given could be false and provide an over-idealistic image of the company. This could potentially harm the career of the young manager and cause far reaching damage to the football team employing this manager. Obviously, this forms the crux and the central point of the ethical dilemma at hand Relevant Ethical Models As identified above, the central issue of importance is the need to balance the observance of ethical standards and ethical codes in his approach to this image enhancing PR job with the need for the attainment of confidence amongst external stakeholders. This provides various ethical constraints which can be vie wed from two different standpoints. Anderson (1996) identifies that there are two main approaches to viewing ethics and defining what is right. The first is deontology which involve a non-consequential approach to ethics and decision making. In this area, what is right is set in a absolute standards and absolute rules. These are universal rules and regulations that guide conduct throughout the world. All human beings must adhere to the standard of ethics that is

Sustainable Destination Development Research Paper

Sustainable Destination Development - Research Paper Example Soccer events as world cup are a prime tourist attraction to the destination country. The economic impacts of tourism during such events as soccer may be negative or positive. Tourism attraction by soccer events presents an avenue of increasing employment opportunities for the population of a country. There are additional opportunities that can absorb the population without employment. Opportunities are available for the technical and professional positions and the informal sector employees. Increased employment among the population is helpful in boosting the population’s living standards. The population, therefore, gets high-income that that further improves the economy of the country. Soccer events need the host country to set up and develop required infrastructures. These include roads and highways, railway lines, stadiums and other essential infrastructures. This increases the country’s level of development in terms of infrastructure. Infrastructural development is vital in supporting economic growth. Infrastructures are also forms of investments and mark an improved investment by the country. There is a remarkable improvement of other utilities in the host country. Such utilities contribute to economic development since they are a principal form of investments and revenue sources. Utilities set include water, sewer lines, restrooms and others as sidewalks. The host country receives revenues from social occasions as soccer events. Costs and charges as fees for utility users are a substantial revenue source. Income from taxation on goods consumed during the events tends to rise with the surge in population. This becomes a dominant source of revenue and a boost to the growth of the country’s economy. The increased number of visitors in the host country calls for a high demand for retail products. There are a number of new retail businesses, set to meet the demand of the high population of tourists and natives in

Crimes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Crimes - Research Paper Example Murder is considered the most serious violent crime and its punishment is life prison, long prison life or capital punishment (death). Different states have different laws in relation to murder but the common division is manslaughter and murder. Murder is where the killer thought and intended to kill without a justifiable reason. In this case, the killer does not have a reasonable explanation to commit the crime. Murder can also take place under the felony-murder rule. Where one in the course of committing a felony such as robbery kills somebody else, he is charged with murder although there was no initial plan or premeditation. In this case, the person acted in a dangerous way and his behavior led to the death of somebody else. The difference between manslaughter and murder therefore is in the fact that there is no premeditation in manslaughter. Manslaughter is further divided into voluntary and involuntary categories. Voluntary manslaughter means that the intention to kill is there but it comes up suddenly due to intense emotions but it was not planned. In this case, there is no cooling off period between the action that brought the aggravation and the killing. There is no intention to kill but it happens due to carelessness or negligence. Voluntary manslaughter is not as serious as murder but it results to prison time. The only killing where the killer is released from responsibility is killing in self defense (Storing, 1981). Crimes against Property Crimes against property are those which involve theft without any force or threat directed towards a person. These include burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny-theft and arson. Burglary is where one enters into somebody else's property such as a building to steal something. Lacenny-theft does not involve entry into a person's property but it is the unlawful taking of property. Embezzlement involves the changing something that was lawfully acquired to conduct unlawful activities. In embezzlement, the property must have come to the suspect's possession through a fiduciary relationship. It involves an element of breach of trust. It is necessary to prove breach of trust by showing that the property in question was handled in a manner that is not consisted with the trust arrangement. The required mental state for one to be accused of embezzlement is that there must have had been an intent to defraud and convert the property in question. Other types of crimes against property include fa lse pretenses and receiving stolen property. In false pretenses, a person is deceived to give up his rightful ownership or possession of property with an intention of converting the property to personal use. Possession or concealing, receiving and buying of stolen property also constitute of a crime against property. Under the crimes against property, extortion is the only intent crime. Another word for extortion is blackmail. It involves the taking of

Safety Culture Evaluation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Safety Culture Evaluation - Case Study Example The safety programs are well intent on establishing provisions that ensure the well-being of the company employees. A company that uses this factor is Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). Based on a recent survey, the institution is considered to be the best company to work for (Gustin, 2008). This is attributed to the medical cover that they provide for employees, as well as their children. There is a medical facility in the company premises, which is free of charge for the employees. This safety measure is fundamental, as employees be treated as soon as possible and get back to work. The safety measure is an efficient measure of ensuring the efficiency of the company. It serves that the employees are well assured in terms of safety measures, and if they may have a problem, they can seek medical attention immediately. This reduces the element of wasting valuable working time seeking solutions to a medical problem. These factors prove to improve the efficiency of the company. The establishment of a health facility increases the employee output, as they are motivated to work knowing that they have a medical facility that can ensure that their health is not in danger. Such programs are not common in manufacturing companies, as they are deemed expensive, which may reduce the level of profits that a company will generate. This is because the establishment of a medical facility is a production cost, affecting the level of revenue generated. It is a contributing factor as to why a number of firms, have not invested in a medical facility that can increase the safety measures. Since all firms aim to reduce the cost of operation, several companies will deem a medical facility as a high cost that is not a worthwhile investment. However, it increases the probability of health hazards in the workplace. There are some safety measures, which are established but do not work or do not serve their purpose. An example of such is the fire extinguishers. There

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example se, successful entrepreneurs are those who think creatively to find and seize hidden business opportunities by innovating the products or services and by utilizing the latest technology and human capital. This piece of research presents an understanding of the underlying principles and foundations of entrepreneurship. This paper describes the entrepreneurial functions with a view to apply with the empirical studies about the entrepreneurial efforts carried out by one of the most renowned entrepreneur, Steve Jobs, the ex CEO of Apple Inc. By analyzing various literatures about entrepreneurship, Kuratko and Hodgetts (2008, p. 5) developed an integrated definition to acknowledge critical factors included needed for entrepreneurship. According to them, entrepreneurship is a dynamic process of vision, change and creation, requiring energy application and passion towards the creation and implementation of new ideas and creative solutions. An entrepreneur is one who undertakes to organize, assume and manage the risks associated with a business organization. He is a visionary who can successfully implement change by managing resistance or other obstacles and a creator of something new. Joseph A Schumpeter, the father of entrepreneurship, viewed that entrepreneur is an innovator (Carsrud and Brannback , 2007, p. 7). According to him, he is one who finds and take an opportunity to seize it and to create a new product or service or its new variance and thus create a new marketable contribution to the economy (McDaniel, 2002, p. 57). He asserted that entrepreneurship is essentially a creative activity consisting of doing such things as are generally not done in ordinary course of business (Milonakis and Fine, 2008, p. 212). Steve Jobs, the co-founder of Apple with Steve Wozniak, is a legend in the world of technology and the main brain-force behind world’s renowned brands such as Macintosh, iPad and iPod. Steve Jobs pioneered the personal computer industry by changing the

Engineering The palms in Dubai aka 8th wonder of the world Essay

Engineering The palms in Dubai aka 8th wonder of the world - Essay Example The Islands add about 1, 600 km to Dubai’s coastline and have already been termed as the eighth wonder of the world. The three islands facilitate over 100 luxury hotels and a large number of residential and entertainment centers [1]. This report presents an analysis of one of the best engineering marvels, the Palm Islands project. The report will first give a background of the project, including the construction process, and then discuss the challenges faced by the engineering team. The impacts of this mega project on the local environment and the coastal eco system will also be discussed in detail. Table of Contents Abstract 1 Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Reasons for construction of the Palm Islands 4 Construction Process 4 Curving the land 5 Engineering Challenges 6 Environmental Impact 8 Project Result 9 Conclusion 9 References 11 Introduction The UAE is one of the world’s largest and fastest growing economies. This country has witnessed immense investments in the construction industry hence becoming the largest construction market in the GCC [2]. According to Noack [3], the country’s construction industry managed to record a strong development between 2007 and 2009 despite the global financial distress. In 2009, the industry contributed approximately 8% to the country’s GDP. ... An island is made up of piles of lava rising above the water level. Technically, the Palm islands are manmade peninsulas made of sand dredged from the Persian Gulf [4]. Among the three islands, the Palm Deira is the largest and is also the largest artificial island in the world. Construction was commissioned by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. The islands were constructed by Jan De Nul and Van Oord, the former being a Belgian company and the latter a Dutch company, with each settlement shaped like a palm tree. Palm Jumeriah was the first island to be constructed. Its construction commenced in June 2001. Also situated on an artificial island in Dubai is the Burj al Arab. This is a luxury hotel standing 280 meters from Jumeriah beach. It is the world’s fourth tallest hotel and has a private curved bridge connecting it to the main land [5]. Reasons for construction of the Palm Islands The Palm Island is unquestionably one of the most ambitious and enterprising ventures to h ave ever been imagined and constructed. The core purpose of the entire construction of the islands was to increase the tourism sector in Dubai. This was to be achieved by providing a tourist destination that stands out from the rest, brimming with world class hotels, upscale amenities and hundreds of miles of beaches all in one unique place [2]. The other objectives of the construction project were to complete reclamation of land and as a result, achieve pioneer status as well as fame. The reclamation would then allow for construction of hotels and housing facilities. This would involve many foreign investors and hence improve Dubai’s international recognition [3]. Construction Process Construction of The Palms began in mid 2001 [5]. The Islands are made of sand

Death penalty Essay Example for Free

Death penalty Essay First, in your own words define, then compare and contrast the following concepts: Genera deterrence- punishment for crime to scare others not to commit the same crime. Specific deterrence- punishment of a crime that prevents the offender from repeating the same offense again. Incapacitation- punishment of keeping offenders in jail so they can’t repeat offense again in society. Retribution-punishment fairly justly due to the severity of the crime. Then, apply these concepts to the ways in which VIOLENT offenders are sentenced in todays courts. Sentences are based on the severity of the offenses being committed. Punishment can be based on certain factors of the crime. Violent offenders can be sentenced to death or incarceration of life. Using general deterrence it supposed to stop others from committing similar crimes. Specific deterrence is a way to avoid offenders from repeating their crimes. Keeping criminals incarcerated away from society, is the practice of keeping criminal of the street. Retribution punishes the criminal based on their action from the crime committed. Present your views on the death penalty as it exists today in the United States. You must present at least one case from law concerning the use of [for or against] the death penalty. Finally, examine your states rules concerning the use of the death penalty. I have nothing against the death penalty, but I’m not God either. If a person can go on a killing spree for instance like a serial killer, I feel that they should be held accountable. The old saying an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, kind of makes me think of the death penalty. A life for a life, but does that give back the life of the one taken. I have various few on the death penalty. Certain situations require it others I feel are unnecessary. Does that make me bias? I’ve heard some people say they’re against it, for reasons as the offenders suffers more by living day to day knowing they have taken someone’s life. Not all offenders have a conscious so when that comes into play, how the offender does suffers for their crime committed? Kennedy v. Louisiana US Supreme Court, 554 U.S.June 25, 2008 Petitioner Patrick Kennedy was convicted and sentenced to death in Louisiana for the aggravated rape of his then 8 year-old stepdaughter. A Louisiana state statute authorized capital punishment for the rape of a child under 12. The State Supreme Court affirmed the statute, rejecting petitioner’s reliance on Coker v. Georgia, which prevented the use of capital punishment for the rape of an adult woman. The Supreme Court concluded that the Eighth Amendment bars Louisiana from imposing the death penalty for the rape of a child where the crime did not result, and was not intended to result, in the victim’s death.

Summary of The forces that turned Baba around Essay Example for Free

Summary of The forces that turned Baba around Essay The history is about the 16-year-old Babatonte, or Baba as his friends call him. He went at St Aloysius college in Highgate. He havent had an easy childhood and that has effected his education. When he was 12, he had been suspended from school about 5 times. Every time he was suspended from school, he only saw it as holyday. Baba describes him selves as a bad boy there vandalising school property, truanting and getting into figths. At the first year of college, Baba had alot of problems. But later on he went to his second year at college. His plan for the future are being an actor. He has just been in a movie at the college that went out very good. The students are spending 2 days a week learning how to, climb a rock, sail a canoe and camping. And they also have been taught first aid, how to cook and carpentry. In the tekst about Baba and in tekst two Coming of the ropes, is the attitude possitive. Childrens with problems cant be pushed, like every other childrens, but instead they need help. They need to get some self-confidense. In tekst three, called The single bullet that broke a communitys heart, and in tekst four, called Out on the streets, the kids are scared too, the two teksts have a bad attitude, but they mean that young children can be good if they just have some places to be and to chill out, instead of doing it at public places. Comment on the statement Boys are useing more violence than word, rather than girls who are useing more words than violence. Girls are generally better to express their feelings and talk about their problems. Boys cant express their feelings as good as girls, and they are getting a feeling, that they are been defeated, if they are talking about their feelings. Some of the things that could be keeping teenagers out trouble is if the young people maybe has a bad childhood, I think something there could help them, would be if there were some adults there could help them from they were kids, then there would? be any kind of troubles in their youth. Another thing there could also help the teenagers out of trouble could be if there were several after school centers. If there were several after school centers, then the young peoble/teenagers had somewhere to go instead of being on the streets and public places. The last thing I can imagine that could help, are if their weekday were getting a little bit diffrent, so they dont have to sit and make schoolwork all day, but maybe got some interest in for example sport.

Advantages and Limitations of Neural Networks

Advantages and Limitations of Neural Networks There are many advantages and limitations to neural network analysis and to discuss this subject properly we would have to look at each individual type of network, which isnt necessary for this general discussion. In reference to backpropagational networks however, there are some specific issues potential users should be aware of. Backpropagational neural networks (and many other types of networks) are in a sense the ultimate black boxes. Apart from defining the general archetecture of a network and perhaps initially seeding it with a random numbers, the user has no other role than to feed it input and watch it train and await the output. In fact, it has been said that with backpropagation, you almost dont know what youre doing. Some software freely available software packages (NevProp, bp, Mactivation) do allow the user to sample the networks progress at regular time intervals, but the learning itself progresses on its own. The final product of this activity is a trained network that provides no equations or coefficients defining a relationship (as in regression) beyond its own internal mathematics. The network IS the final equation of the relationship. Backpropagational networks also tend to be slower to train than other types of networks and sometimes require thousands of epochs. If run on a truly parallel computer system this issue is not really a problem, but if the BPNN is being simulated on a standard serial machine (i.e. a single SPARC, Mac or PC) training can take some time. This is because the machines CPU must compute the function of each node and connection separately, which can be problematic in very large networks with a large amount of data. However, the speed of most current machines is such that this is typically not much of an issue. The advantage of neural networks over conventional programming lies on their ability to solve problems that do not have an algorithmic solution or the available solution is too complex to be found. Neural networks are well suited to tackle problems that people are good at solving, like prediction and pattern recognition (Keller). Neural networks have been applied within the medical domain for clinical diagnosis (Baxt:95), image analysis and interpretation (Miller:92, Miller:93), signal analysis and interpretation, and drug development (Weinstein:92). The classification of the applications presented below is simplified, since most of the examples lie in more than one category (e.g. diagnosis and image interpretation; diagnosis and signal interpretation). Depending on the nature of the application and the strength of the internal data patterns you can generally expect a network to train quite well. This applies to problems where the relationships may be quite dynamic or non-linear. ANN s provide an analytical alternative to conventional techniques which are often limited by strict assumptions of normality, linearity, variable independence etc. Because an ANN can capture many kinds of relationships it allows the user to quickly and relatively easily model phenomena which otherwise may have been very difficult or imposible to explain otherwise. Future Enhancements Because gazing into the future is somewhat like gazing into a crystal ball, so it is better to quote some predictions. Each prediction rests on some sort of evidence or established trend which, with extrapolation, clearly takes us into a new realm. Prediction 1: Neural Networks will fascinate user-specific systems for education, information processing, and entertainment. Alternative ralities, produced by comprehensive environments, are attractive in terms of their potential for systems control, education, and entertainment. This is not just a far-out research trend, but is something which is becoming an increasing part of our daily existence, as witnessed by the growing interest in comprehensive entertainment centers in each home. This programming would require feedback from the user in order to be effective but simple and passive sensors (e.g fingertip sensors, gloves, or wristbands to sense pulse, blood pressure, skin ionisation, and so on), could provide effective feedback into a neural control system. This could be achieved, for example, with sensors that would detect pulse, blood pressure, skin ionisation, and other variables which the system could learn to correlate with a persons response state. Prediction 2: Neural networks, integrated with other artificial intelligence technologies, methods for direct culture of nervous tissue, and other exotic technologies such as genetic engineering, will allow us to develop radical and exotic life-forms whether man, machine, or hybrid. Prediction 3: Neural networks will allow us to explore new realms of human capability realms previously available only with extensive training and personal discipline. So a specific state of consciously induced neurophysiologically observable awareness is necessary in order to facilitate a man machine system interface. Recommendations The major issues of concern today are the scalability problem, testing, verification, and integration of neural network systems into the modern environment. Neural network programs sometimes become unstable when applied to larger problems. The defence, nuclear and space industries are concerned about the issue of testing and verification. The mathematical theories used to guarantee the performance of an applied neural network are still under development. The solution for the time being may be to train and test these intelligent systems much as we do for humans. Also there are some more practical problems like: the operational problem encountered when attempting to simulate the parallelism of neural networks. Since the majority of neural networks are simulated on sequential machines, giving rise to a very rapid increase in processing time requirements as size of the problem expands. Solution: implement neural networks directly in hardware, but these need a lot of development still. ÂÂ ¢ instability to explain any results that they obtain. Networks function as black boxes whose rules of operation are completely unknown. There are many advantages and limitations to neural network analysis and to discuss this subject properly we would have to look at each individual type of network, which isnt necessary for this general discussion. In reference to backpropagational networks however, there are some specific issues potential users should be aware of. ÂÂ ¢ Backpropagational neural networks (and many other types of networks) are in a sense the ultimate black boxes. Apart from defining the general archetecture of a network and perhaps initially seeding it with a random numbers, the user has no other role than to feed it input and watch it train and await the output. In fact, it has been said that with backpropagation, you almost dont know what youre doing. Some software freely available software packages (NevProp, bp, Mactivation) do allow the user to sample the networks progress at regular time intervals, but the learning itself progresses on its own. The final product of this activity is a trained network that provides no equations or coefficients defining a relationship (as in regression) beyond its own internal mathematics. The network IS the final equation of the relationship. ÂÂ ¢ Backpropagational networks also tend to be slower to train than other types of networks and sometimes require thousands of epochs. If run on a truly parallel computer system this issue is not really a problem, but if the BPNN is being simulated on a standard serial machine (i.e. a single SPARC, Mac or PC) training can take some time. This is because the machines CPU must compute the function of each node and connection separately, which can be problematic in very large networks with a large amount of data. However, the speed of most current machines is such that this is typically not much of an issue. Conclusion In this paper, we have presented a system for recognizing handwritten English characters. An experimental result shows that backpropagation network yields good recognition accuracy of 85%. We have demonstrated the application of MLP network to the handwritten character recognition problem. The skeletonized and normalized binary pixels of these characters were used as the inputs of the MLP network. In our further research work, we would like to improve the recognition accuracy of network for character recognition by using more training samples written by one person and by using a good feature extraction system. The training time may be reduced by using a good feature extraction technique and instead of using global input, we may use the feature input along with other neural network classifier. The computing world has a lot to gain from neural networks. Their ability to learn by example makes them very flexible and powerful. Furthermore there is no need to devise an algorithm in order to perform a specific task; i.e. there is no need to understand the internal mechanisms of that task. They are also very well suited for real time systems because of their fast response and computational times which are due to their parallel architecture. Neural networks also contribute to other areas of research such as neurology and psychology. They are regularly used to model parts of living organisms and to investigate the internal mechanisms of the brain. Perhaps the most exciting aspect of neural networks is the possibility that some day conscious networks might be produced. There are a number of scientists arguing that consciousness is a mechanical property and that conscious neural networks are a realistic possibility. Finally, I would like to state that even though neural networks have a huge potential we will only get the best of them when they are integrated with computing, AI, fuzzy logic and related subjects

Penguin Books: Introduction To Modern Business :: essays research papers fc

Penguin Books: Introduction to Modern Business The aim of this essay is to comment on how, over the last six years Penguin Books Limited has grown and managed external and internal changes. Sixty one years ago, Allen Lane, the managing director of the Bodley Head, a British publishing company, revolutionised reading with the introduction of the first ten Penguin paperbacks. Today, over 600 million paperbacks are sold yearly. At a time when there was still little of entertainment, paperback books brought reading to the masses. Nowadays, paperback books bring reading to the world. During the last six years (1990-1996) Penguin Books Limited was faced with many "environmentalist pressures," with a continuous change inside the company, and competitors trying to imitate its successful innovations on both sides of the Atlantic. The major achievement in 1990 was the introduction of a new computer system into several parts of the Company. The Credit Control department was the first area and Stock Management, Invoicing Systems, Warehousing, Distribution and Sales Services followed. Now the whole of the Company's systems are incorporated and networked. During this period a new lists including the Twentieth Century Classics Series complementing the Penguin Classics, Arkana, the New Age list and Fantail, the mass-market children's list were introduced. Internal change that took place during that year was the closing down of the Penguin Bookshops (that expanded to include 12 shops during the last decade), leaving just one, the specialist Beatrix Potter "House of the Tailer of Gloucester", within the Group. This change took place due to the fact that the Company was conscious that it had to concentrate on the publishing rather than on the retail. This decision brought a successful completion of a management buy-out of the shops. This action also compensated the loss that the Company faced in august 1991, when Pearson (an international enterprise quoted on the London Stock Exchange with major media interests including many well-known names apart from Penguin, such as Longman, Pitman, Addison Wesley, the Financial Times, Westminster Press, Mindscape, Thames TV and Madame Tussauds) announced pre-tax profits of Pounds 40.7m for the first half of 1991- a drop of 58 per cent on the same period of 1990. In this period books fell from a trading profit of Pounds 2.1m to a loss of Pounds 13.4m with Penguin losing Pounds 8m. In the following two years no major changes have been recorded. Although, 1993 was generally a successful year for all Penguin group companies. Penguin UK had produced a strong programme including some major best sellers and agreed to a joint venture with the BBC for mass market paperbacks and film deals with two

Dave Barrys Complete Guide To Guys :: essays research papers

Wait, are you telling me that Dave Barry's Complete Guide to Guys addresses women's issues? If "women's issues" include understanding why guys spit, scratch themselves, and give each other noogies, well then this book certainly addresses them! As for addressing the whole bit about a patriarchal world history, the subjugation of women, and accused responsibility for the Fall of Man, well, you might as well forget it. Dave Barry might not make you feel better about the stature of women in today's world or the future of the human species, but hopefully you can say this: you're not a guy. Dave Barry's book reminds me a lot of an episode of Seinfield: it's all about nothing. It tells the reader what guys are thinking(nothing) and what their "deal" is(nothing). While it does pretty much, well, nothing to help understand women or help women understand, the one thing it does do is hold true to the manufacturer's guarantee: you WILL laugh. You will not only laugh, but you will laugh hard. You will laugh hysterically, obnoxiously hard. You will want to share Dave Barry's insight on the male species with everyone you know and every stranger you meet, particularly so if they are women. Barry's book speaks little about the real reasons as to why males do the things they do and more about the fact that they are just scumbags and idiots. According to Barry, people "make being male sound like a very important activity, as opposed to what it primarily consists of, namely, possessing a set of minor and frequently unreliable organs"(xi). You will become convinced that the title should not be "Complete Guide to Guys," but "More Reasons Why Women Are The Better Sex." In fact, Barry himself seems to support the latter idea through his discussion of "the Punch Reflex," "the Noogie Gene," scientific reasons as to why guys act like jerks, the hidden truth of the Space Shuttle program, and standards. Yes, guys are just mindless idiots who like things that go, "Brrrrrrmmmmmmmmm!" I suppose he would know, though: he is a guy. It is a well-known fact that our world history is dominated by a tyrannical patriarchy in which the majority of women have been forgotten. Somehow, according to Barry, it is the men who have been forgotten. "Guys have played an important role in history, but this role has not been given the attention it deserves, because nobody wrote it down"(9).

Upcoming Initiatives within the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit A

Legal Advice: Upcoming Initiatives within the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) 1. Describe the company and the major initiative(s) they have planned for the next five years: In 1967, within the Washington DC metropolitan area, Congress authorized a government agency, created through an interstate compact, known as WMATA, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. Since its start in 1976, WMATA has grown into five rail lines with over 106 miles of tracks, 1,500 buses, and 86 different stations, which provides services to a population of 3.4 million within a 1,500 square mile jurisdiction. (WMATA, 2012) Commonly known by many of the District of Columbia area residents as Metro, we rely on WMATA to provide alternative modes of transportation throughout much of the District, suburban Maryland, and northern Virginia areas, which include Metrorail, Metrobus, and MetroAccess services. In a 2008 WMATA News Release, Metro planners predicted there would be a 42 percent increase in consumer use within the next 25 years. (WMATA, 2008) In order for supply to meet demand, Metro officials have constructed an extensive six year Capital Improvement Pl an (CIP) that began in 2010 and will expire in mid-2016. Several constituents the CIP will cover includes: implementing past National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) safety recommendations, purchasing new system software and track maintenance equipment, new and/or rehabilitated rail cars and lines, and replacing several bus facilities. (Kissal, 2011) 2. Determine which elements of administrative law will be most relevant to the upcoming initiatives and what the impact of those laws will be. In the wake of the 2009 tragic accident and... ...have to worry so much about product reliability. References: Access Board, The United States. (n.d.). The United States Access Board. Retrieved February 25, 2012, from Access-Board.Gov: http://www.access-board.gov/about/laws/ada.htm Bagley, C. E. (2009). Managers and the Legal Environment. Mason: Cengage Learning. Kissal, C. D. (2011). Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2011. Washington DC: WMATA. WMATA. (2008, April 18). Metro details improvements to meet future capacity needs. Retrieved February 24, 2012, from WMATA: 2. http://www.wmata.com/about_metro/news/PressReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=2064 WMATA. (2010). August 13 2010 Response to FTA. Washington DC: Dougherty, James. WMATA. (2012). Metro - Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. Retrieved February 24, 2012, from WMATA: http://www.wmata.com/about_metro/

A Closer Look on Bilingualism

Bilingualism is not uncommon to many people and in many parts of the world. As long as there are people who migrate from far off countries to different places in the world, bilingualism will exist, and prosper.This has become a bigger reality in today’s world where different countries are brought closer by technology, and globalization has become commonplace, especially to more prosperous and industrialized countries where migrants tend to gather.Hence, cultures become interrelated and languages are no longer limited to their areas of origin. In fact, it is normal for many people to use two languages, or even more, in the course of day-to-day living, some by choice and some by necessity.As evidenced by studies and observation made by scientists and educators, bi- or multilingualism exists because humans are not limited to learn a single language in the course of his/her lifetime.Although there were no studies that have determined how many languages a person can learn in his/he r lifetime, there was no question that it could be done, given the relative ease by which children learn languages.The brains of a human being hold endless possibilities. It is not a jug that has limited capacity; it can absorb so much more information (Alladina 6). Hence, it is not surprising that more and more people are learning and making use of different languages.It is not uncommon to see a person who makes use of a different language at home, in school or in buiness, a particular language is used depending on the appropriate situation.As we attempt to explore different facets of bilingualism, it would be most logical to explain briefly the meaning of bilingualism and how it is commonly perceived in order to offer a better understanding as to why it has such great impact on the society.More importantly, this paper will deal on the overall effects of bilingualism on children, adults and families, as well as the influences of schools, its systems, and society at large to people who are bilingual, and vice versa.We shall also delve on the choices that different bilingual-background families have or have made with regard to rearing their children as bilingual or monolingual, and the subsequent effects of these choices.We shall shed light on these concerns, partly, by going through the personal experiences of three individuals, with different degrees of bilingualism, who were interviewed exclusively for this paper.We shall examine how bilingualism played a part in their lives. Their bilingualism resulted from different circumstances surrounding them as they were growing up that were mainly rooted from their families.For instance, the first interviewee and her parents migrated to Norway from Pakistan, where she was actually born and raised until she was eight years old, the second one has parents whose mother tongues were different from each other, while the last interviewee was adopted from Colombia when she was eight years old.

Domestic Violence Speech Essay

Domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to women—more than car accidents, muggings, and rapes combined. The CDC reports that 15 million children are abused every year. Recently, the NFL has been under a lot of scrutiny for their domestic violence policy. There are as many opinions as there are teams on how they should react. To me, that is the problem. See, reaction means to have an action performed in response to a situation. However, action stands for the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim. The NFL, NBA, MLB and all other pro sport leagues need to band together and set the example. Say they will no longer tolerate violence against women. After all, pro athletes are role models for our youth. How they behave on and off the field can make a difference. However, domestic violence is much bigger than pro sports. We just seem to talk about it more when a pro athlete is involved. Statics show that men who as children witnessed their parents’ domestic violence were twice more likely to abuse their own wives than sons of nonviolent parents and girls who witnessed domestic violence were 50% more likely to be abused as women. The most common reaction people have on domestic violence is to ask â€Å"why does they stay? They do not believe they are abused. They are made to believe they caused it. They are too afraid. Yet you still ask, why do they stay? It is extremely dangerous to leave an abuser, because the final step in a domestic violence pattern is to kill her. Over 70% of domestic violence murders happen after the victim as ended the relationship, after she has gotten out. Because then the abuser has nothing left to lose. Other outcomes include long term stalking, even after the abuser remarries. Denial of financial resources, and manipulation of the family court systems to terrify the victim and her children, who are regularly forced by family court judges to spend unsupervised time with the man who beat their mother. And still we ask, why doesn’t she just leave? We tend to stereotype victims as self-destructive women, or damaged goods. The question, why does she stay is code for some people for, it’s her fault for staying. As if victims intentionally chose to fall in love with men who are intent on destroying them. Maybe the better question is â€Å"why does the abuser do it?† rather than â€Å"why does she stay?† Instead of blaming the victim of the abuse, let’s turn our attention towards the person who is causing the harm. As a society, we can no longer stand by and let these victims continue the cycle. We have to find a way to break it. I would love to say it starts at home, but that is where the abuse is, so the schools have to take a larger role in this problem. We teach our children math, reading and science, but how about relationship skills. Our schools need to help educate our children that violence will not be tolerated. If we want to attack this problem, we need to teach how to be respectful in relationships. We need to do more to decrease the abuse that happens not just the physical abuse, but all abuse. Maybe you are thinking, wow this is fascinating, but this whole time I have been talking to you about it there have been 24 victims a minute beaten. A woman or child has died. I promise you, there are several of you listening to me right now who are currently being abused or know someone who is being abused, or maybe were abused as children, or are the abusers. Abuse could be affecting your sister, cousin, or friend right now. So what are you going to do? Conclusion Domestic violence thrives when we are silent. But if we take a stand and work together, we can end domestic violence. We can end it by telling our friends and family that we will not tolerate domestic violence and by asking them to take a stand with us. We can end it by supporting the programs and shelters that provide refuge and safety for hundreds of thousands of survivors every year. We can end it by ensuring that our communities hold abusers accountable for their actions. Join the National Network to End Domestic Violence and help raise awareness. Together, we can make a difference. Say NO MORE!!

Your Shoes

Mum, why complain at something that you have caused yourself. Causing this by wanting me to be how your perfect child would be. Well, sorry to say, I am not what you want me to be. You have been paying attention to yourself so much over the years you have actually forgotten what I am, brushing aside all the bad things I have done, making excuses for me. I am alright. Living how I want things to be, to do what I want, when I want. This is life, a life that does not consider you in it at all. I can be myself, without being criticised. Having what I want, instead of someone making choices for me. In actual fact it reminds me of the time you brought me those awful curtains, they just symbolise to me, what you like, I hated them, and the colours, the style I just see your face on them thinking yes these are perfect for me. Yes not me, you, perfect for you. Just think to yourself that we do not have the same tastes in life. You just want to have everything going right. So you can make the family look good. So that whenever anybody comes round, they can comment on how, â€Å"you are the perfect family†. To make people jealous of what you want us to have, but we have not got it. You just want the family with a hard working father with a good job and income, Perfect mother with a good job and who keeps the house tidy and brings up the children to be well behaved and good mannered. With a child who does well at school, always polite and stays out of trouble, you would love that. You have got the father and the mother the child is a bit different, it is me and I am who I am, I do not put a happy face on just cause you want me to and I will express me feelings how I want to. I am feeding myself alright I have a job and people are treating me with respect where I am now, like an adult, how people should be at my age. I feel responsible now, like I have a meaning in life. I am not into prostitution, and I can not believe you even fought that I would consider that path. Guess you just do not know me that well. I have got new friends now so I hope you are happy, what you have made me do, I have changed my lifestyle around. I am independent now, and happy if you saw me you would be proud but I do not want to see you, you just hurt me with thinking I am a failure all the time. Thinking I can not do anything and making me feel my life was worthless? I smoked pot mum because you drove me to it, I was depressed and needed something to take my mind of things. Depressed to know every time I go home I have to act like somebody you want me to be. I have now turned my mind to different things now. I prefer happier things now like socialising without having to get drunk and making a fool out of myself. I prefer my own space, with people that like the things I do. I share a flat now with a girl a few years older than me and she is helping me out, and introducing me to her friends, which are all lovely genuine people. The time father called me a slut was it, I know he may have been upset to find his daughter with condoms in her bag, but mum I had them to protect me, so I couldn't get pregnant or get diseases, a step that only people that have matured would do, calling me a slut though he does not even know hat he is talking about I have only ever had sex with one person, not like I am going round sleeping with anybody. The person I had sex with as well was my boyfriend of six months, we had something special but I stopped the relationship to move on in life to get away from the misery of living life with you. You just take the pain out on me because you think I am going to be like my grandmother, because that she liked me better than her own daughter. She paid more attention to me than you. You can not bear to think it but it is true and your father only paid interest into you when he found out you had a brain. I am thinking it must have been hard for you but you do not need to take the anger out on me, making me into the person that you just wanted to be when you was in your childhood. All the parties mum is what a normal teenager does and get drunk because then they start to grow up more and realise this is not the life for me and change. It's a thing that everybody does at some stage in there life. Some would think that you act like a teenager jealous of everything that is better than you. I have realised all these parties aren't what I want to do I am now going to do a college course and study business studies. This is because I want to do something with my life and make a hit out of it so, if we meet again you and dad can be proud of what I have done. Then if we meet that day you will see I am different to you, I have different ambitions. I like other things than having a simple life, like you. I want to be someone, and stand up and be counted for I want not just sit back and think, things are going to be alright all the time because nothing will ever be perfect.

New Products Launching

Generation: Bangladesh having monsoon weather most of the time our climate Is hot and burning. So the use of lotion In that climate Is quite Irrelevant. In winter the skin looses the smoothness thus It Is mandatory to use body lotion. But if we try It In summer then it will be a disaster because of sunburn the skin will become dark and shady. But it is necessary to keep the moisture of body in summer also but due to sunburn we can't do it. Togged rid of this problem, Advanced Chemicals Limited (ACE) introduces the body cooling lotion will moisture the body and also keep the skin safe room sunburn.Body cooling lotion uses menthol which keeps the whole body cool and gives energy to the working people to work under heat. Besides that, who are beauty conscious can get the fresh look and moisture skin by using this body cooling lotion. And the most Important thing body cooling lotion also deals with physical side like by using this lotion people can get rid from the problem of sweating d ehydration, Itching, and allergy. 3. Core Values The human core or internal body temperature is normally maintained to quite close tolerances regardless of weather, clothing, bathing, or cosmetics on the skin .Body lolling lotion temporarily affects the temperature of the skin, especially the outermost layer of epidermis. In general, this lotion will balance the temperature by acting as a blanket and possibly by blocking perspiration, which cools the skin. Under conditions of sickness or injury, there may be a malfunction of the body's temperature control system. Like other lotions body cooling lotion is not only responsible for body moisture but also has a twist of menthol which will create a cool refreshing feeling all day long which secure them from sweating and dehydration and Instantly refreshes skin, leaving It feeling fresh and clean.Sun blocks never provide superior protection from the sun. Because we are always reluctant to use lotion in summer because using lotion can dark our skin so body cooling lotion act as a crucial part in summer . People need to feel fresh and calm in this weather. For this reason a perfect cooling body lotion is needed for both man and woman. Besides that body cooling lotion is waterproof, sweat proof and water resistant. The other core values are no harmful chemicals, no allergy, no side effects, and superior quality. 4.Situation Analysis l) Market situation: ACE Is one of the leading antiseptic and personal care product manufacturing many in Bangladesh. As Sac's products are perceived very positively by customers, is body lotion. In the present market, Square does not have any body cooling lotion. Square only have â€Å"cool† body spray which will keep the body cold with the distinctive and masculine fragrance. Moreover, cool is segmented only for male users. So, there will be huge market for female body cooling lotion. On the other side, another competitor Milliner is doing monopolistic and exclusive business in the body lotion market.Because mostly available body lotion manufactured by Milliner â€Å"Baseline†, Dove† and â€Å"Fair and Lovely-body lotion† in the local market. It has been identified that, few years back ACE has been launched soap under both of the segment which are health soap and beauty soap. But they were unable to capture the maximum market share than other companies in both of the segment. The reason was that, they were incapable to compete with the dominant brand Lug under beauty soap category and with Delete and Lifebuoy under health soap category. Furthermore, they were incapable because of their inconsistency in distribution and lack of product uniqueness.That is why, the company has come up with a new idea and they want to munch a new kind of body cooling lotion which will contain both antiseptic quality and beauty care quality. It) Demographic: Consumer needs and wants change with age. Although every class of people are concerned about their skin but young people are more concerned about their skin and beauty. So sometimes it's very crucial for them to use a comfortable product which can protect their skin, increase moisture, and protect sunburn. Body cooling lotion is the perfect solution for them.Dividing a market in different groups based on sex, has long been common for many products like cosmetics. According to gender it s more important to use separate lotion. Body cooling lotion is not same for the male and female. So according to gender body cooling lotion should be used. Another important factor under demographic is age. Product can also differ according to age. A baby cannot use the same lotion which a young and adult people use. So body cooling lotion can also differ according to age. Another factor is personality and life cycle. According to life cycle body cooling lotion is used for those people who are working class.All day they are staying in outside and to feel fresh with addition skin moisture they need to u se the body cooling lotion. Another thing is personality. Classy people always skin conscious, body conscious and they want to see themselves in fresh look. So body cooling lotion is highly acceptable for them. Ill) Geographic: The elements of defining the relevant geographic market include the nature and characteristics of the concerned products, the existence of entry barriers, consumer preferences, and differences among the market shares of undertakings in the neighboring geographic areas.A company's product can extend their name based on customer preferences. If the customer accepts the body cooling lotion, then they can expand their market worldwide. Under geographical segment the ingredient of the product should be safe, customer should highly prefer body cooling lotion and as a result the exit barrier will be low. ‘v) Behavior factors: social factors, personal factors and psychological factors. Cultural factors are coming from the different components related to culture or cultural environment from which the consumer belongs. According to culture body cooling lotion can be acceptable.White collar people who spend their majority of time in work can have the problem of sweating, dehydration, for that reason body cooling lotion is mandatory. From young to adult, male and female every class of people can use body cooling lotion. And now a days women are also participating to work in outside, so according to the scenario the majority portion of people are working in outside by facing sunburn, sweating problem. Thus body cooling lotion can act as a prominent part. Social factors are among the factors influencing consumer behavior significantly.They fall into three categories: reference groups, family and social roles and status. More generally, reference groups are defined as those that provide to the individual some points of comparison more or less direct about his behavior, lifestyle, desires or habits. If the consumer show positive behavior, interes ted to use the body cooling lotion and after using they are use to with it then it is highly acceptable. The family is maybe the most influencing factor for an individual. It forms an environment of colonization in which an individual will evolve, shape his personality, and acquire values.If the family persons are interested to use this lotion then it is highly acceptable. The position of an individual within his family, his work, his country club, his group of friends, etc. All this can be defined in terms of role and social status. After family friends are interested to use it then it can extend their market. Decisions and buying behavior are obviously also influenced by the characteristics of each consumer. A consumer does not buy the same products or services at 20 or 70 years. His lifestyle, values, environment, activities, hobbies and consumer habits evolve throughout his life.So according to consider those requirements it is a challenge for the body cooling lotion whether it is accepted or not. The purchasing power of an individual will have, of course, a decisive influence on his behavior and archiving decisions based on his income and his capital. As body cooling lotion is affordable so every class of people can buy this product. Motivation and perception are most important. If people hear positive word from their friends and family about the lotion then they will highly motivated and perceive in a good way.Then after using the product if they get the positive result then their belief and attitude will be positive and they will buy more which will increase the profitability of the product. 5. Product Offering: In order to establish and run a successful business the company need to properly fine what it is that are offering to the customers. Whether the company offer a product, a service or both, it is imperative to proper define what it is the company do in order to reach the right target audience at the right price.Body cooling lotion offers the cust omer fresh feeling; get rid from sweating and dehydration, instant moisturizer effect, assures smooth and silky soft skin, making the skin look younger, brighter, soft and fresh, sunscreen and ultraviolet rays protection, relieve pain & fatigue the body, to order, remove winds and slimming the body benefits, relieve says without affecting balance of skin, protects collagen tissue and also prevents the occurrence of free radicals and resulting old skin view, availability in different colors to suit every skin tone suitability for all types of skin delicate fragrance smooth texture softens skin naturally ideal for : treating dry skin making a base before applying make-up removing makeup effectively treating sunburns. This lotion penetrates deep into the skin and restores the moisture content and the menthol that are using in the lotion feel the consumer cool in outside also which reduce the warm which reduces inching and allergy. Competitor Analysis: Peoples are getting more concern w ith their skin, beauty and comfort day by day. Now, everyone wants to keep themselves organized and beautiful from their affordability. Hence, with the increasing demand many companies are there to serve the needs in a good manner to satisfy or hold customers. So, when it comes to beauty products there is not only one competitor. There is no product in the market which serves similar values to the customers. The constant growth in the temperature and the intolerable heat in the summer will make this product a buy-buy one. It will outperform, out maneuver and outcast competitors from similar sector.The product will keep its long lasting brand equity and through perpetual innovation it will hold it;s success. Primarily the target market is the urban areas of Bangladesh but eventually it will become a global brand. The target of the brand would be value innovation. Though we have different features but for same product line our Many competitors are there in lotion industry for our ACE Body Cooling Lotion, they are: Square Toiletries Limited: Square Toiletries is one of the largest companies in Toiletries Industry of Bangladesh. They got a good amount of share in this industry. Though, it does not have any body cooling lotion but they have already touched the concept by introducing Cool body spray and it also have a winter based body lotion.Cool Body Spray: Square only have â€Å"cool† body spray which will keep the body cool with the distinctive and masculine fragrance. Moreover, cool is segmented only for male users. So, there will be huge market for female body cooling lotion. Besides that, it does not have any moisturizing features with itself. So, we can have both male and female potentials for our Cooling Body Lotion. Cool Body spray has deodorant features that is already exist in our Cooling Body Lotion. So, in many cases we are ahead enough to compete with Square Cool Body Spray. Merit Revive Moisturizing Lotion: Merit Revive Moisturizing Lotion is especially suited for winter months when skin starts wilting due to lack of moisture.As our market segment is different so it will not be a threat for us. Milliner Bangladesh: We must agree that Milliner is doing monopolistic and exclusive business in the body lotion market. Because mostly available body lotion manufactured by Milliner â€Å"Baseline†, â€Å"Dove† and â€Å"Fair and Lovely-body lotion† in the local market. Baseline Body Lotion: has gained the significant market share in lotion industry. It has several kinds of lotion to meet customer demand. Baseline Cocoa Radiant Baseline All Moisturizing Gel Baseline Essential Healing Lotion Among them Baseline All Moisturizing Gel is designed for Summer and it gives cooling and relief after sunburn. It is a great competitor for us.Fair & lovely Body promises to lighten dark skin and also qualified other features of a lotion. ACE Body Cooling Lotion will not lighten the dark skin as it is not fairness lotion. In summer cost of the people look for some sort of cool environment and comfortable feeling. So, our product will serve their purpose to good extend. Dove is currently offering three kind of body lotion. Essential Nourishment Go Fresh Nourishment Indulgent Nourishment Dove Body Lotion: Dove brought a solution that keeps skin refreshed and nourished all day. It leaves skin thoroughly nourished and revalidated from morning to night and also leaves skin extra soft, extra smooth and extra beautiful.Among these three Go Fresh Nourishment is especially for Summer and it is a competition for us. However, s initially our target is rural people and Dove Go Fresh Nourishment is not that much available in rural area so it is a good point for us. Besides that, with nourishing and moisturizing we also provide the cooling feature. 7. SOOT Analysts: A SOOT analysis is a method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats involved in a business or project. A SOOT analysis of the business environment can be performed by organizing the environmental factors as follows: The firm's internal attributes can be classed as strengths and weakness. The external environment presents opportunities and threats.Strengths: Strong brand recognition and high market share. Unique cooling features that is highly demanded among customers. Strong source of collecting raw materials. Have their own superstore for placing the body cooling lotion in the different outlets of SWAP'S. Competitive price. Product for both male and female users. Weakness: It is a new product in the market, so people will feel hesitated to use it. The rate of acceptance will be less. There will be low sales at the beginning with negative profits. The R&D department has to be strong enough to challenge the existing competitors. Opportunity: Participation within steadily growing industry.Ability to decrease the fixed costs as a percentage of an individual sale as volume increase. Approaching rural ma rket Threats: Direct competition in the body lotion market from other brands Convince rural customer is a bit tough compare to urban customer 8. Marketing Objectives: Marketing objectives is what we want to achieve through our marketing activities. Different businesses establish different marketing objectives depending on their our Body Cooling Lotion we have found out the following objectives- Marketing Objectives: 1. Achieve 70% product awareness among the target audience within the first six of operation. 2. Maintain a gross margin of 35% each month. 3. Steadily increase market share every quarter. 4.Develop brand awareness and acceptance, quantifies by a decrease in customer acquisition costs. Financial Objectives: 1. Increase the profit margin by 0. 5% a quarter. 2. Attain constant annual growth of revenue in each year of operation. 3. Develop efficiencies in the delivery of the service through advanced training and workflow analysis. 9. Neurotransmitters The single objective i s to position cooling Lotion as the premier source for sweat free LOL and moisturizer body. The marketing strategy will seek to first develop brand equity, increase customer awareness and build the customer base, establish connections with target markets and work towards building customer loyalty and referrals. Mission Sac's cooling lotion has a mission to create high quality skin care products satisfying needs for their target consumers in summer and to be the leading skin care product distributor and manufacturer in cosmetic industry for summer. 0 Corporate values The brand determined to continue being creative and innovative, to aim for product excellence to meet the demanding standards of quality products and safety at all the times. Customer focus is to understand, listening and giving people what they need and serve the beauty and well-being of our consumers in all cultures throughout the world. 0 Brand promise The brand promises to protect the consumer's skin from the harmful effects of the sun light. It also promises to make you feel cool during the hot summer days. It will take care of your skin and make you feel free to go outside even in the hot days.The brand also promises to give your body a soothing fragrance. 0 Blue Ocean Strategy The product will create a completely new category where the body lotion will make the user feel cool, refreshed, protected from OUR rays and the sun, and will make the user smell better. The product will add value to the customer because s/he can enjoy the utilities of body lotion, deodorant, sun protection cream and talcum powder in a single product. The cost of consumption will be less and customers will enjoy a quality product at value pricing. This novelty product will create a wow factor. Its SSP 40 will protect the skin from UP rays and other harmful effects of the scorching sunlight.It will control the melanin which would refrain the person from getting dark skin (skin burning). There will be a range of options from which the consumer can choose the desired fragrance lotion. The presence of menthol will create a cool and refreshing feeling but the all the product will not be of menthol flavored. The lotion will be dermatological beneficial for the user as well. It will protect the skin from harmful dusts and pollutions. Departure will utilize the four action framework it the following way. 0 The Competitive Edge There are no products in the market which serves similar values to the customers. The constant growth in temperature and the intolerable heat in the summer will make this product a buy-buy one.It will outperform, out maneuver and outcast competitors from similar sector. The product will create long lasting brand equity and through perpetual innovation it will grow as a successful brand. Primarily the target market is the urban areas of Bangladesh but eventually it will become a global brand. The target of the brand would be value innovation. Figure depicting the value innovation is given- Figure: Depicting the value innovation of product 0 Target markets Primary market for the product is middle to upper class working and non-working adult male and female living especially in Dacha. The customers are expected to be that group of people who are concerned about their skin care, outlooks and appearances.Our secondary target consumers are middle to upper class adult male and female living outside of Dacha. 0 HSRP (holistic selling proposition) proposition) we will follow the Holistic Selling Proposition or commonly known as the HSRP. Under this selling proposition all the internal and external factors will be taken under consideration for the positioning, pricing, promoting and placing. The main idea of doing such is to create a AD (5 dimensional) Brand or the Sonogram to have the clear idea about the brand. The dimensions are the sensory stimuli of human being. The AD model for this specific products as follows: Figure: AD Model of a new product The diagram shows that the smell is the most important sensory dimension of the lotion.The touch or sensation feeling is nest to it. The sight or appearance of the lotion is also very important. Taste and sound is irrelevant in case of body lotion. Marketing mix Product: ACE is planning to launch their body cooling lotion for young consumers of Bangladesh between the age of 15 to 30, to tackle the skin problems and help to feel fresh and dehydrated during day time. Price: The launch price for the product will be ranging from the competitors pricing strategies. The price should not be higher or lower than the other competitor's products. Considering the production, advertising and other related variable and fixed cost ACE will set an affordable price to the customers.Place- Our Brand initially plans to have products displayed at various departmental stores, beauty salons, super malls and retailer shops inside and outside of Dacha. It ill also to display at leading pharmacies. As these outlets and loc ation are in ideal spots which will help target potential customers for skin care product. Promotion- We are planning to communicate with our target customers initially through grand launching program with the help of a PR firm so that we get the best attention of all kind of media. After the launching event, we will go for 360 degree media communication with the help of print media, broadcast media, outdoor media, interactive media (internet).We are going to advertise in those national Bangle and Daily newspapers which have high circulations. For magazine ad, we will choose local fashion and beauty magazine. We will advertise in broadcast media with the association of beauty and lifestyles shows. There will be billboards, banners, x- promotional campaign. We will use internet pop-ups as well. Advertising Exhibitions Press / Magazines Internet Pop-ups Beauty Shows Hoardings / Signboards Advertisements in local radios and local channels Advertisements in local newspapers and papers i n various 0 Markets Advertisements in local fashion and beauty magazines Out-door advertising using posters, billboards, neon signs at beauty spas, bridge manners, lamp posts Internet pop-ups etc.Public Relation 0 Sponsoring beauty shows 0 Free make over 0 Target publications 0 Offering free makeovers at beauty shows or outlets 0 At least one success story quarterly in a local beauty magazine to attract the market image and informing readers about new launches if any. Direct Mail & SMS 0 SMS messages 0 Develop mailing list with help of Universities and Colleges 0 SMS messages to be sent to all potential customers with the help of telephone operators. 0 A new attractive brochure should be designed to be mailed to target eligible clients. Sales promotion Special pricing at the time of launch 0 Brochure to be displayed at various Spa's and saloons 0 Attractive prices at the time of launch to attract target customers. 3% discount on makeover at saloons tied up Product Design: For Male C onsumers Cycle: For Female Consumers Product Life Sac's new product cooling body lotion SPLASH will in the introduction stage of product life cycle. It takes time for a new product to survive in the market place competing with other products of competitors. Being in the introduction stage of product life cycle ACE must need to follow the given strategies: a. Inform potential customers bout the product b. Introduce product trials c. Secure distribution in retail outlets Distribution: The new product body cooling lotion can be distributed to the designated dealers of pharmacies and beauty saloon in big cities like Dacha, Chitchatting, Sylphs etc. 14.Integrated Marketing Communication Strategy Integrated Marketing Communication (MIMIC) is the application consistent brand messaging across both traditional Andean-traditional marketing channels and using differentiation's methods to reinforce each other. The deregulated be to successfully accomplish MIMIC to create thematic brand equity. The core concept of MIMIC is to cerebrated equity through achieving ROI. The first step is to create core value and then communicate the value throughway's stories, which the customers have never seen forerunner heard before. Theater three tools of communication. 1. Above the line (TTL) 2. Below the line (BTL) 3.New format The story around the brand promise For the brand communication a unique story would be made portraying the middle class and upper middle class of the society. For a better connection real life real people will be interviewed across the urban areas. Their perils in the hot summer ND how they suffer will be the basis of our story. We will make the electronic media advertises with these typical citizen. The brand ambassadors of our brand will be all the hard working people out there. We will of course relate their experience with the offerings of our Brand. We will show how the hot summer dilemmas of the people will be solved if they use our brand.